Epilepsy  (癫痫)

癫痫是一种神经系统疾病，其特征是由于脑内异常电活动导致反复无端癫痫发作，症状包括短暂意识丧失到抽搐。癫痫通常在两次或两次以上间隔超过24小时的癫痫发作后确诊，或在单次高复发风险癫痫发作后确诊。病因包括遗传因素、脑损伤、感染、肿瘤、中风、发育障碍以及代谢或结构异常。SCN1A基因与癫痫密切相关，尤其是在Dravet综合征和青少年肌阵挛性癫痫等综合征中，相关通路涉及神经科学和神经性疼痛信号传导。治疗包括抗癫痫药物、生活方式改变和手术治疗，但约30%的患者即使接受治疗后仍会继续癫痫发作。癫痫可影响任何年龄段的个体，累及颞叶等脑区，并出现与神经系统功能障碍和生长异常相关的表型。相关疾病包括创伤后癫痫、儿童失神癫痫和肌阵挛性癫痫，诱因包括创伤、中枢神经系统感染和退行性脑疾病。锌阳离子和硒已被用于治疗。

Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures due to abnormal electrical activity in the brain, with symptoms ranging from brief lapses in awareness to convulsions. It is typically diagnosed after two or more seizures occurring more than 24 hours apart, or after a single seizure with high recurrence risk. Causes include genetic factors, brain injury, infections, tumors, stroke, developmental disorders, and metabolic or structural abnormalities. The SCN1A gene is notably associated with epilepsy, particularly in syndromes like Dravet syndrome and juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, with related pathways involving neuroscience and neuropathic pain signaling. Treatment includes anti-seizure medications, lifestyle modifications, and surgical options, though about 30% of patients continue to experience seizures despite therapy. Epilepsy can affect individuals of any age, with involvement of brain regions such as the temporal lobe and phenotypes related to nervous system dysfunction and growth abnormalities. Associated conditions include post-traumatic epilepsy, childhood absence epilepsy, and myoclonic epilepsy, with triggers including trauma, CNS infections, and degenerative brain disorders. Zinc cation and selenium have been explored in the context of management.

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