Nephritis  (肾炎)

肾炎是指肾脏的炎症，通常与自身免疫性疾病（例如系统性红斑狼疮 (SLE)、感染或其他潜在疾病有关。肾炎包含多种类型，包括急性肾炎、慢性肾炎、肾小球肾炎（影响肾脏滤过膜）和间质性肾炎（肾小管间隙的炎症）。弥漫增生性肾小球肾炎是儿童和青少年 SLE 患者中最常见的类型。其症状通常包括尿液外观改变、因液体潴留导致的腿部、足部或踝部肿胀，以及如果不治疗可能发展为肾衰竭。早期诊断和干预对于预防长期并发症至关重要。肾周炎是一种与肾脏周围感染相关的疾病，也可能导致严重的后遗症，例如脓肿形成、邻近器官受累或高血压。

Nephritis refers to inflammation of the kidneys, commonly associated with autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), infections, or other underlying conditions. It encompasses various types including acute nephritis, chronic nephritis, glomerulonephritis (affecting kidney filters), and interstitial nephritis (inflammation in the spaces between kidney tubules). Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis is the most prevalent form in pediatric and adolescent SLE patients. Symptoms often include changes in urine appearance, swelling in the legs, feet, or ankles due to fluid retention, and potential progression to kidney failure if untreated. Early diagnosis and intervention are crucial to prevent long-term complications. Perinephritis, a related condition involving infection around the kidney, may also lead to serious sequelae such as abscess formation, adjacent organ involvement, or hypertension.

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