Chemokine & Receptors  (趋化因子)

趋化因子是一类高度保守的小细胞因子，具有诱导趋化活性。趋化因子介导免疫细胞的迁移模式和定位，在先天免疫系统中具有重要作用。根据其 N 末端四个半胱氨酸序列，它们通常被分为 CXC、CC、CX3C和C四个亚家族。趋化因子通过结合G蛋白偶连跨膜受体进行信号转导。根据结合趋化因子类型, 趋化因子受体分为4个家族：CC (CCR)、CXC (CXCR)、C (XCR1)和CX3C (CX3CR1)受体。趋化因子是一种多功能介质，主要负责将白细胞募集到炎症组织。趋化因子信号网络由约50个分泌配体和20个 GPCR 组成。研究表明，这一复杂的系统参与了多种生理过程，包括在免疫反应中调节细胞迁移。

Chemokines (or chemotactic cytokines, chemoattractant cytokines) are a large family of small, highly conserved cytokines (8 to 12 kDa) with chemotactic activity. Chemokines mediate the migratory patterns and positioning of all immune cells and are critical for the function of the innate immune system. They are usually categorized into four main subfamilies according to the location of N-terminal cysteine residues: CC, CXC, CX3C and C. Chemokine signals are transduced through binding to G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily. Chemokines receptors are divided into four families based on the binding-chemokine type: receptors for CC (CCR), CXC (CXCR), C (XCR1), and for CX3C (CX3CR1). The chemokine signaling network is composed of approximately 50 secreted ligands and 20 GPCRs. Research has shown that this complex system is involved in a variety of physiological processes including mediation of cellular migration during immune responses.