1. Signaling Pathways
  2. Apoptosis
  3. MDM-2/p53

MDM-2/p53 

p53 肿瘤抑制因子是响应多种细胞损伤而导致生长停滞、衰老和凋亡的主要介质。p53 是一种短寿命蛋白质,在正常细胞中维持在较低水平,通常无法检测到。在压力条件下,p53 蛋白在细胞中积累,以四聚体形式与 p53 反应元件结合并诱导各种基因的转录。

MDM-2 由 p53 转录激活,而 MDM-2 反过来以多种方式抑制 p53 活性。MDM-2 与 p53 转录激活域结合,从而抑制 p53 介导的转录激活。MDM-2 还包含类似于各种病毒蛋白的核输出信号的信号序列,在与 p53 结合后,它会诱导其核输出。由于 p53 是一种转录因子,它需要位于细胞核中才能接触 DNA; MDM-2 将其转运至细胞质可防止这种情况发生。最后,MDM-2 是一种泛素连接酶,因此能够靶向 p53 并由蛋白酶体降解。

在许多肿瘤中,p53 因负调节因子 MDM2 和 MDM4 的过度表达或 MDM2 抑制剂 ARF 的活性丧失而失活。这些肿瘤中的该通路可以通过抑制 MDM2 和/或 MDM4 与 p53 相互作用的小分子重新激活。此类分子目前正在临床试验中。

The p53 tumor suppressor is a principal mediator of growth arrest, senescence, and apoptosis in response to a broad array of cellular damage. p53 is a short-lived protein that is maintained at low, often undetectable, levels in normal cells. Under stress conditions, the p53 protein accumulates in the cell, binds in its tetrameric form to p53-response elements and induces the transcription of various genes.

MDM-2 is transcriptionally activated by p53 and MDM-2, in turn, inhibits p53 activity in several ways. MDM-2 binds to the p53 transactivation domain and thereby inhibits p53-mediated transactivation. MDM-2 also contains a signal sequence that is similar to the nuclear export signal of various viral proteins and, after binding to p53, it induces its nuclear export. As p53 is a transcription factor, it needs to be in the nucleus to be able to access the DNA; its transport to the cytoplasm by MDM-2 prevents this. Finally, MDM-2 is a ubiquitin ligase, so is able to target p53 for degradation by the proteasome.

In many tumors p53 is inactivated by the overexpression of the negative regulators MDM2 and MDM4 or by the loss of activity of the MDM2 inhibitor ARF. The pathway can be reactivated in these tumors by small molecules that inhibit the interaction of MDM2 and/or MDM4 with p53. Such molecules are now in clinical trials.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-148409
    MMRi62 Inhibitor 99.59%
    MMRi62 是一种铁死亡 (ferroptosis) 诱导剂,靶向 MDM2-MDM4 (抑癌基因 p53 负调控因子)。MMRi62 对胰腺导管腺癌 (PDAC) 细胞显示出 p53 独立的促凋亡 (apoptosis) 活性,并诱导其自噬 (autophagy)。MMRi62 诱导铁死亡,伴随着活性氧增加和铁蛋白重链 (FTH1) 溶酶体降解。MMRi62 还可导致突变型 p53 的蛋白酶体降解,并对具有 KRAS 和 TP53 高频突变特征的原位异种移植 PDAC 小鼠模型具有体内药效。
    MMRi62
  • HY-15869
    Inauhzin p53 Activator 98.46%
    Inauhzin 是 SirT1/IMPDH2 的双重抑制剂,同时为 p53 的激活剂,可用于癌症研究。
    Inauhzin
  • HY-D0848
    N,N'-Methylenebisacrylamide

    N,N-亚甲基双(丙烯酰胺)

    Activator 99.66%
    N,N'-Methylenebisacrylamide (Bisacrylamide) 是一种口服活性的丙烯酰胺二聚体和交联剂。N,N'-Methylenebisacrylamide 可促进 CYP2E1P53cleaved caspase-3 的活性。N,N'-Methylenebisacrylamide 可促进肝癌的发生。N,N'-Methylenebisacrylamide 改变精子畸形率和精子数量。N,N'-Methylenebisacrylamide 可减少血液中各种细胞的数量,并导致肝脏和睾丸损伤。N,N'-Methylenebisacrylamide 用于制备聚丙烯酰胺凝胶。
    N,N'-Methylenebisacrylamide
  • HY-170451
    Seldegamadlin Degrader 98.53%
    Seldegamadlin (KT-253) 是一种选择性 p53 稳定剂和 MDM2 PROTAC 降解剂 (DC50 = 0.4 nM)。Seldegamadlin 可抑制癌细胞 RS4;11 的增殖 (IC50 为 0.3 nM),使细胞周期阻滞于 G2/M 期,并诱导细胞凋亡 (apoptosis)。Seldegamadlin 可上调 p53 活性并克服 p53-MDM2 反馈环路。Seldegamadlin 可用于研究血液肿瘤和实体瘤,例如急性髓系白血病 (AML) 和急性淋巴细胞白血病 (ALL)。(粉色:靶蛋白配体 MDM2 ligand 4 (HY-170452);黑色:连接子 (HY-W001478);蓝色:E3 连接酶 cereblon 配体 (HY-163927))。
    Seldegamadlin
  • HY-Y0148
    10-Hydroxydecanoic acid

    10-羟基癸酸

    99.77%
    10-Hydroxydecanoic acid (10-HDAA) 是 10-hydroxy-trans-2-decenoic acid 的饱和脂肪酸,可以从蜂王浆中分离得到。10-Hydroxydecanoic acid 具有多种生物活性,包括抗炎、杀虫、抗疟、抗利什曼原虫以及增强抗原特异性免疫反应。 10-Hydroxydecanoic acid 的抗炎作用主要通过抑制 NF-κB 的激活和干扰素调节因子 1 (IRF-1) 的翻译,减少炎症细胞中白细胞介素 6 (IL-6) 和一氧化氮 (NO) 的产生。此外,10-Hydroxydecanoic acid 还通过 p53-自噬 (autophagy) 途径和 p53-NLRP3 通路减轻神经炎症反应。最后,10-Hydroxydecanoic acid 通过促进微折叠细胞对抗原的有效摄取,增强抗原特异性免疫反应。
    10-Hydroxydecanoic acid
  • HY-100892
    MX69 MDM2 Inhibitor 99.88%
    MX69 是一种 MDM2/XIAP 抑制剂,常用于抗癌研究。
    MX69
  • HY-110182
    SP-141 MDM2 Inhibitor 99.94%
    SP-141 是一种特异性的 MDM2 抑制剂。SP-141 促进 MDM2 自泛素化和降解。SP-141 可用于胰腺癌和乳腺癌的研究。
    SP-141
  • HY-N0726
    Dracorhodin perchlorate

    血竭素高氯酸盐

    Activator 99.02%
    Dracorhodin perchlorate (Dracohodin perochlorate) 是一种天然产物,可以从天然活性分子血竭中得到。Dracorhodin perchlorate 抑制 PI3K/AktNF-κB 活化,上调 p53 表达,激活 caspase,产生 ROS,促进凋亡 (Apoptosis)。Dracorhodin perchlorate 调节 TLR4。Dracorhodin perchlorate 促进伤口愈合,改善糖尿病。Dracorhodin perchlorate 对前列腺癌、乳腺癌、宫颈癌等癌症具有抗肿瘤活性。
    Dracorhodin perchlorate
  • HY-19726
    NSC59984 p53 Activator 99.43%
    NSC59984 通过 MDM2 和泛素-蛋白酶体途径而诱导突变型 p53 蛋白降解。NSC59984 靶向 GOF 突变体 p53,并刺激 p73 恢复 p53 途径的信号传导。
    NSC59984
  • HY-P5831
    Biotin-H10 Inhibitor 98.94%
    Biotin-H10 是一种特异性的前梯度蛋白 2 (AGR2) 抑制剂,KD 为 6.4 nM。Biotin-H10 抑制癌细胞活力。
    Biotin-H10
  • HY-B0860
    Diuron

    敌草隆

    Activator 98.90%
    Diuron 是一种口服活性苯脲类除草剂 (herbicide)。Diuron 通过阻止 ATPNADH 的生成来抑制植物的光合作用。Diuron 会增加 ROS 的产生。Diuron 可增加某些细胞系中 p53 的表达。Diuron 对一年生和多年生阔叶杂草及禾本科杂草具有除草活性。Diuron 可促进 DMBA/BBN 诱发的膀胱癌发生。Diuron 可用于乳腺癌研究。
    Diuron
  • HY-101666
    HBX 41108 98.91%
    HBX 41108 是泛素特异性蛋白酶 7 (USP7) 的抑制剂,IC50为 424 nM。HBX 41108 抑制 USP7 介导的 p53 去泛素化以稳定 p53 并抑制癌细胞生长。HBX 41108 可用于癌症和糖尿病的研究。
    HBX 41108
  • HY-15954
    NVP-CGM097 MDM2 Inhibitor 98.08%
    NVP-CGM097 是一种有效的选择性 MDM2 抑制剂,作用于 hMDM2IC50 为 1.7±0.1 nM。
    NVP-CGM097
  • HY-131611
    6-Azuridine

    氮杂尿苷

    99.83%
    6-Azuridine (6-Azauridine) 是一种口服活性的嘌呤核苷类似物。6-Azuridine 可激活 autophagic flux,诱导依赖于AMPKp53 的凋亡 (Apoptosis)。6-Azuridine 具有抗肿瘤和抗病毒活性。
    6-Azuridine
  • HY-14714
    NSC-207895 p53 Activator 98.85%
    NSC-207895 (XI-006) 是一种DNA 破坏剂,是一种抗肿瘤化合物和 p53 的激活剂。
    NSC-207895
  • HY-108639
    MIRA-1 p53 Activator 99.76%
    MIRA-1 是一种马来酰亚胺类似物。MIRA-1 可通过恢复 p53 依赖的转录转激活诱导 p53 突变细胞凋亡 (apoptosis)。MIRA-1 具有抗肿瘤活性。
    MIRA-1
  • HY-128784
    PK11007 p53 Activator 98.73%
    PK11007 是具有抗癌活性的温和硫醇烷基化剂。PK11007 通过两个表面暴露的半胱氨酸的选择性烷基化来稳定 p53,而不影响其 DNA 结合活性。PK11007 通过增加活性氧 (ROS) 水平诱导突变的 p53 癌细胞死亡。
    PK11007
  • HY-W042191
    Oxychlororaphine Inducer 98.98%
    Oxychloroaphine 可以从天然存在于土壤中的聚块泛亚菌中分离得到。Oxychloroaphine 具有广谱抗真菌活性。Oxychloroaphine 具有浓度依赖性的细胞毒性,导致细胞凋亡 (apoptosis)。Oxychloroaphine 可用于癌症的研究。
    Oxychlororaphine
  • HY-B0639A
    Amifostine trihydrate

    氨磷汀三水合物

    p53 Activator 99.95%
    Amifostine trihydrate (WR2721 trihydrate) 是一种广谱细胞保护剂和辐射防护剂。Amifostine trihydrate 可选择性保护正常组织免受放射线和化学疗法造成的损害。Amifostine trihydrate 是有效的 HIF-α1p53 诱导剂。Amifostine trihydrate 通过清除氧衍生的自由基来保护细胞免受损伤。Amifostine trihydrate 可降低肾脏毒性并具有抗血管生成作用。
    Amifostine trihydrate
  • HY-124586
    Streptonigrin

    链黑菌素; 链黑霉素

    Activator 99.20%
    Streptonigrin (Bruneomycin) 是口服活性的抗生素和 pan-PAD 抑制剂,抑制 PAD1PAD2PAD3PAD4IC50 分别为 48.3 μM,26.1 μM,0.43 μM 和 2.5 μM。Streptonigrin 抑制 SENP1 (IC50 为 0.518 μM) 并降低 HIF1α。Streptonigrin 增加 p53 和凋亡 (Apoptosis)。Streptonigrin 对 Rauscher 鼠白血病病毒具有抗病毒活性。Streptonigrin 具有免疫抑制作用。Streptonigrin 对骨肉瘤具有抗肿瘤活性。
    Streptonigrin
目录号 产品名 / 同用名 应用 反应物种

p53 is at the centre of biological interactions that translates stress signals into cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. Upstream signaling to p53 increases its level and activates its function as a transcription factor in response to a wide variety of stresses, whereas downstream components execute the appropriate cellular response. 

 

Cell Stress: p53 induction by acute DNA damage begins when DNA double-strand breaks trigger activation of ATM, a kinase that phosphorylates the CHK2 kinase, or when stalled or collapsed DNA replication forks recruit ATR, which phosphorylates CHK1. p53 is a substrate for both the ATM and ATR kinases, as well as for CHK1 and CHK2, which coordinately phosphorylate p53 to promote its stabilization. These phosphorylation events are important for p53 stabilization, as some of the modifications disrupt the interaction between p53 and its negative regulators MDM2 and MDM4. MDM2 and MDM4 bind to the transcriptional activation domains of p53, thereby inhibiting p53 transactivation function, and MDM2 has additional activity as an E3 ubiquitin ligase that causes proteasome-mediated degradation of p53. Phosphorylation also allows the interaction of p53 with transcriptional cofactors, which is ultimately important for activation of target genes and for responses such as cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, apoptosis and senescence. Non-receptor tyrosine kinase c-Abl can also be activated by DNA damage. Then the JNK/p38 is activated and leads to p53 activation[1][2]

 

Oncogenic signaling: The response to oncogene activation depends on the binding of ARF to MDM2. ARF is normally expressed at low levels in cells. Inappropriately increased E2F or Myc signals, stemming from oncogene activation, leads to the increased expression of ARF, which inhibits MDM2 by blocking its E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, uncoupling the p53-MDM2 interaction, thereby segregating it from nucleoplasmic p53[3].

 

The PI3K-Akt pathway activates MDM2 and increases the ubiquitination of p53. 

 

Reference:
[1]. Chène P, et al. Inhibiting the p53-MDM2 interaction: an important target for cancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer. 2003 Feb;3(2):102-9.
[2]. Brown CJ, et al. Awakening guardian angels: drugging the p53 pathway. Nat Rev Cancer. 2009 Dec;9(12):862-73. 
[3]. Polager S, et al. p53 and E2f: partners in life and death. Nat Rev Cancer. 2009 Oct;9(10):738-48. doi: 10.1038/nrc2718.