Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte protein 4, also known as CTLA4 and CD152, is a single-pass type I membrane protein and a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. It is widely expressed with highest levels in lymphoid tissues. CTLA4 contains a extracellular V domain, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic tail. Alternate splice variants encoding different isoforms have been characterized. CTLA4 is similar to the T-cell costimulatory protein CD28 since both of the molecules bind to CD80 and CD86 on antigen-presenting cells. CTLA4 transmits an inhibitory signal to T cells, whereas CD28 transmits a stimulatory signal. Intracellular CTLA4 is also found in regulatory T cells and may play an important role in their functions. T cell activation through the T cell receptor and CD28 leads to increased expression of CTLA4. Genetic variations of CTLA4 have been associated with susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Graves disease (GRD), Celiac disease type 3 (CELIAC3) and Hepatitis B virus infection (HBV infection).
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