Hydrogels based on physical interactions have been extensively studied due to their special network structure and excellent mechanical properties. In this paper, a series of hydrogels based on hydrophobic interactions were prepared via the free-radical copolymerization of acrylamide and polymerizable amphiphilic monomers dodecanol polyoxyethylene (n) acrylates (AEO-n-AC, n = 3, 7, 9, 15, 23) by a simple and facile method. The prepared single-network hydrogels cross-linked by the self-assemble AEO-n-AC micelles acting as cross-linkers exhibited great tensile strength of 0.45 MPa and excellent compression strength of 4.5 MPa. Transmission electron microscopy tests reflected that the morphologies of the self-associated micelles were determined by the hydrophilic segment of the amphiphilic monomers, which further affected the mechanical properties of the hydrogel. Amphiphilic monomer with appropriate length of hydrophilic spacers could significantly enhance the tensile strength of the hydrogel. Meanwhile, amphiphilic monomers with long hydrophilic segment were advantageous for the compression properties of the hydrogel. Furthermore, the hydrogels exhibited excellent micro self-repair ability during the cycling tensile and loading-unloading test even at the strain and compression were 400%, 0.95, respectively. This discover of hydrophilic spacer effect is of great significance for the design of physical interaction-based hydrogels with high strength and compression properties.