Tropical fruits are important sources of phenolics and polysaccharides which are of great benefit to human health and have already been used in foodstuff, drugs and cosmetics. This review attempts to summarize the current research on phenolics and polysaccharides in major tropical fruits with large-scale production. Chemical composition, analytical methods, bioactivities and therapeutic functions of main phenolics and polysaccharides in pericarps, pulps and/or seeds of lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.), longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.), mango (Mangifera indica L.), banana (Musa acuminata L.), pineapple (Ananas comosus L.) and papaya (Carica papaya L.) fruits are elucidated. The future research trends on phenolics and polysaccharides in tropical fruits are also suggested. This review indicates potential applications of phenolics and polysaccharides in tropical fruits, which is an important reference for effectively utilizing these bioactive components in tropical food systems.