Juvenile hormone (JH) is a key insect hormone involved in the regulation of physiological, developmental and behavioural processes. In social insects, it has been shown that JH can play a key role in modulating reproductive division of labour, age-related division of labour and chemical signalling, and can display marked changes in function of the degree of sociality. Here, we checked the effects of JH on reproduction in single foundresses of two neotropical primitively eusocial wasp species, Mischocyttarus cerberus and Mischocyttarus cassununga, by examining how treatments with the JH-analogue methoprene and the anti-JH precocene affect egg-laying, ovarian activation and chemical profiles. Our hypothesis was that reproduction and the production of particular fertility-linked cuticular hydrocarbon cues might be under shared JH control already in primitively eusocial wasp species, and this could have been a key enabler to allow such cues to later evolve into full-fledged queen pheromone signals in advanced eusocial species. In line with this hypothesis, we show that our hormone treatments significantly affected both egg laying and the production of particular hydrocarbons present on the egg surface. We discuss the relevance of these findings in the context of the evolution of social insect queen pheromones in advanced eusocial species with a morphologically differentiated queen–worker caste.