To investigate the potential for biofuel production by using cyanobacterium photosynthesis integrated with electrochemical treatment, several protein expressions and cellular components were experimentally analyzed. Thermosynechococcus sp. CL-1 (TCL-1) was chosen because it shows a significant photocurrent response at 0.4 V without the addition of artificial mediators in an H-type two-compartment electrolysis cell. The crude lipid content in the TCL-1 cells in either the anodic membrane or the suspended medium at 0.4 V was higher than that of the control experiments. In addition, the cells attached to the anodic membrane showed a considerably higher crude lipid content and lower carbohydrate content compared with the suspended cells. The experimental results show that electrochemical treatment redistributed the cellular components and proteomics of TCL-1 in the suspended medium and anodic membrane without increasing the total production.