One-dimensional Cu(OH)2 or CuO nanostructures were fabricated using inorganic–organic chain assemblies, Cu(CnH2n+1X)2·nH2O (X = CO2, SO4) as a lamellar nanoreactor, along with NaOH treatment. The shapes and aspect ratios of the Cu(OH)2 or CuO nanostructures could be varied by adjusting the hydrophobicity of the lamellar nanoreactors.