Modular synthesis of unsymmetric 1,3-diphosphinopropanes through sequential substitution reactions
Abstract
Methods to synthesize diphosphines with different substituents on the two phosphorus centers are limited, particularly for the synthesis of unsymmetric bis(dialkylphosphine) ligands. Herein is reported a modular and high-yielding synthesis of borane-protected unsymmetric 1,3-bis(diphosphino)propanes containing either two dialkylphosphine moieties or one dialkylphosphine and one diphenylphosphine group. The method relies on sequential phosphine substitution on 1,3-dibromopropane. The borane-protected diphosphines are readily converted to bis(phosphonium salts), which serve as convenient preligands. Palladium(II) complexes of di-tert-butyl(3-(dicyclohexylphosphino)propyl)phosphine (tBuCyPP), di-tert-butyl(3-(diisobutylphosphino)propyl)phosphine (tBuiBuPP), and diisobutyl((3-(dicyclohexylphosphino)propyl)phosphine (CyiBuPP) have been prepared. The tBuiBuPP and CyiBuPP complexes have been structurally characterized and their structural properties compared to symmetric (1,3-diphosphinopropane)palladium dichloride structures.