Molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) with a two-dimensional layered structure can effectively inhibit the shuttle effect of lithium–sulfur batteries (Li–S batteries). It contains metal–sulfur bonds and combines with polysulfides through electrostatic bonds or chemical bonds. In this paper, the structure and properties of MoS₂ are briefly introduced, and the research progress on the design, preparation, structure and properties of MoS₂ as a cathode material for Li–S batteries in recent years is reviewed. The effects of MoS₂ structure and its composition with carbon materials or metallic oxides on the performance of the electrode materials are analyzed. Finally, the existing problems and possible future research directions are pointed out.