Poor osteointegration and implant infection are two of the main causes that hinder the success of clinical implants. In order to enhance the osteogenesis and antibacterial activity of titanium, BFP-1 and GL13K peptides were immobilized on the surface of micro/nanostructured titanium using dopamine as a coupling mechanism. Successful construction of BFP-1 and GL13K peptides on the micro/nanostructured titanium surfaces was demonstrated by several material characterization methods including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscope (AFM), water contact angle measurements and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The micro/nanostructured titanium modified with BFP-1 and GL13K peptides promoted osteoblast differentiation as demonstrated by cell staining, cell viability, alkaline phosphatase activity, mineralization detection and qRT-PCR of osteogenesis-related genes. The in vitro study exhibited antibacterial properties after culturing S. aureus and E. coli on micro/nanostructured titanium modified with BFP-1 and GL13K peptides for 6 h and 24 h. This study demonstrates that surface-modified titanium implants can simultaneously promote bone growth and provide antibacterial capabilities.