This review aims at highlighting the significant role biopolymers play in a multitude of fields such as medical diagnostics, the cosmetics industry, food toxicity, and environmental sensing applications. The development of biomaterials, their properties, evaluation, and applications have been subjects of interest for researchers in recent years. Biomaterials and nanomaterials increase the sensing platforms' adaptability and may enable the development of sensors by taking advantage of their new and synergistic features. This review includes more than 50 research works since 2010, describing the diverse roles played by various biopolymers in the sensing field. It has been noticed that there is only a limited number of publications reported on biopolymer-supported electrochemical sensors. Hence, we offer a thorough analysis of biopolymer uses in healthcare and food detection, including those that are carbon-based, inorganic, and organic. The latest advancements in the field of biopolymer-supported electrochemical sensors for biomolecules and food additives are discussed in this review and hold tremendous potential for the application of biopolymers in the early screening of diseases and point-of-care testing.