1,4-Butanediol (1,4-BDO) and tetrahydrofuran (THF) are important feedstocks for the synthesis of polyurethane elastomers, polybutylene succinate (PBS), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), spandex fibers, special rubbers and special-purpose coatings, as well as universal solvents and important raw materials for organic synthesis. In this review, we will discuss in detail the current new bio-based methods for the synthesis of 1,4-BDO and THF, including catalytic hydrogenation or bio-conversion of sugars, succinic acid, and furfural to 1,4-BDO as well as bio-based furfural to obtain THF. The bio-based process for the production of 1,4-BDO and THF will show continuous competitiveness in the future post-petroleum era. It also provides an outlook on environmentally friendly and energy-efficient low-carbon processes for the green synthesis of 1,4-BDO and THF in the future post-petroleum era.