For the isolation and purification of (−)-α-pinene and (−)-limonene from pine resin tapping by spraying ethephon solution on the cutting surface of pine tree, vapor–liquid equilibrium data for (−)-α-pinene and (−)-limonene with ethephon are indispensable. In this work, the isothermal vapor–liquid equilibria of binary system (−)-α-pinene + (−)-limonene and quaternary system (−)-α-pinene + (−)-limonene + water + ethephon were determined using headspace gas chromatography. The thermodynamic consistency of the experimental data was tested by the Van Ness point test and Redlich-Kister area test. The universal quasi-chemical (UNIQUAC) and nonrandom two-liquid (NRTL) models were applied to correlate the experimental data, and the absolute mean deviation of the vapor phase mole fraction and the relative mean deviation of the total system pressure were calculated. The results showed that the UNIQUAC model correlated the system more accurately than the NRTL model. The relative volatility of (−)-α-pinene to (−)-limonene was promoted by adding ethephon solution. In addition, the binding energies of (−)-α-pinene + water + ethephon and (−)-limonene + water + ethephon were calculated by DFT. The results showed that the intermolecular interaction between ethephon solutions with (−)-limonene was greater than that with (−)-α-pinene.

In our previous paper, we accidentally wrote the parameters 0.47 and 0.2 in the wrong order in Table 7. The corrected one is shown in the revised Table 7. This article has not yet been cited by other publications.

At a pressure of 101.33 kPa, isobaric vapor–liquid equilibrium data for binary mixtures of propylene carbonate with para-xylene, ortho-xylene, meta-xylene, and ethylbenzene were obtained. Via a modified Othmer still apparatus and gas chromatography, the fractions of the vapor and liquid phases at equilibrium were measured. The experimental findings were fitted with the Wilson, NRTL, and UNIQUAC activity coefficient models, and the binary parameters of these models were calculated. The fitted models predicted the vapor–liquid equilibrium, and the calculated values agreed well with the experimental results. The Wisniak L-W and van Ness methods were used to authenticate the thermodynamic consistency of the equilibrium data.

The pressure–density–temperature–composition (p–ρ–T–x) data of binary refrigerant mixtures containing R-134a (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane), R-1234yf (2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene), and R-1234ze(E) (trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene) were measured in both the vapor and liquid phases using a two-sinker, magnetic suspension densimeter. The specific samples in this study comprised two compositions of approximately (0.3/0.7) and (0.7/0.3) mole fraction for each of the following three binary refrigerant blends: R-1234yf + R-134a, R-134a + R-1234ze(E), and R-1234yf + R-1234ze(E). Single-phase vapor densities were measured over a temperature range of 253 to 293 K and pressures from approximately 0.04 to 0.5 MPa. Single-phase liquid and supercritical densities were measured over a temperature range of 230 to 400 K and pressures up to 21 MPa; for refrigerant blends containing R-1234yf, the maximum pressure was limited to approximately 12 MPa. Overall relative combined, expanded (k = 2) uncertainties in density ranged from 0.043 to 0.418%, with an average uncertainty of approximately 0.06%. Here, we present measurement results, along with comparisons to available literature data and to default equations of state and mixture models included in REFPROP.

Liquid–liquid equilibrium (LLE) for the biodiesel + glycerol + alcohol system is essential for the design, operation, process optimization, and economic evaluation of a biodiesel production plant. In this work, methyl and ethyl safflower biodiesels were produced from safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seed oil. New LLE experimental datasets were obtained for the glycerol (1) + methanol/ethanol (2) + methyl/ethyl safflower biodiesel (3) systems at 298.15 and 318.15 K under atmospheric pressure. Binodal curves, tie-lines, distribution coefficients, and selectivity were determined. Data reliability was confirmed using the Othmer–Tobias correlation. LLE data were correlated with the UNIQUAC model satisfactorily, with deviations between 0.70 and 2.79% for all studied systems. The consistency of the estimated binary interaction parameters of the UNIQUAC model was ascertained. Finally, through process simulations in Aspen Hysys software, it was verified that the UNIFAC LLE model, along with the UNIQUAC model, can also be used adequately to describe the liquid–liquid behavior of biodiesel separators, provided that the biodiesel composition is accurately known.

Isobaric vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) data for the four binary systems of n-butyric acid with water, isopropyl acetate, n-propyl acetate, and n-methylpyrrolidone were measured experimentally by a modified Rose still at the local atmospheric pressure of 99.8 kPa. All of the experimental VLE data for the four binary systems passed the Van Ness thermodynamic consistency test. Two activity coefficient models, namely, the NRTL and Wilson models, were selected to correlate the VLE data, and the binary interaction parameters were regressed with the two models. The result indicates that a homogeneous azeotropic behavior can be found for the two binary systems of water + n-butyric acid and n-butyric acid + n-methylpyrrolidone, and the obtained VLE data correlate well with the two models. There is no binary azeotropic behavior between n-butyric acid and isopropyl acetate/n-propyl acetate, indicating that isopropyl acetate and n-propyl acetate can be used as extractants and azeotropic agents for the extraction–azeotropic distillation separation of n-butyric acid and water.

Protic ionic liquids (PILs), a novel category of inexpensive and sustainable solvents, have been employed to solve industrial and medicine solubility problems. Using a combination of ultrasonic, volumetric, and electrical conductivity methods at 288.15–318.15 K and a pressure of ≈87.1 kPa, researchers investigated the thermophysical properties of acetaminophen (ACP) in water and aqueous solutions of three protic ionic liquids (PILs), which are composed of the cations 2-hydroxyethylammonium, bis(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium, and tris(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium as well as the anion lactate. Study of intermolecular interactions using the thermophysical properties is very important because it provides a deep insight into the forces that are functional in the liquid mixtures. For the medication acetaminophen in water and aqueous PIL solutions, thermophysical parameters including apparent molar volume and apparent molar isentropic compressibility are examined in the current work. The findings showed that interactions between acetaminophen and PILs predominated in the systems under study and that these interactions increased as the PIL concentrations rose. The positive transfer results have been interpreted using the cosphere overlap model.

Nirmatrelvir (NMT) is an orally administered severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 main protease inhibitor with several crystal forms, including form 1 and form 4. In this work, the crystal form transformation process in suspension was first studied, and the stable existence conditions of the two crystal forms were identified. The solubility of the crystal form 1 NMT in six mono-solvents (1-butanol, 1-pentanol, isoamyl alcohol, 1-octanol, nitromethane, and isopropyl acetate) and two binary solvent mixtures (isopropyl acetate + n-heptane and isopropyl acetate + n-hexane) from 293.15 to 333.15 K under atmospheric pressure was determined by the dynamic method. The solubility of the form 4 NMT in the same solvent systems was also determined from 273.15 to 288.15 K. The Apelblat equation and the Yaws equation were employed to describe the solubility data concerning temperature, and the CNIBS/R–K equation was used to acquire the solubility data with different solvent compositions. The ARD maximum of these models was 4.40%, which indicated that the models provided good fitting results.

In this work, the effects of various organic and inorganic ammonium salts on the liquid–liquid demixing (clouding) behavior of aqueous 1-butanol (BuOH), as a thermo-responsive material, solutions were investigated in the temperature range of 283.15–353.15 K. The inorganic salts used are NH4Cl and NH4Br, and the organic ones are tetramethylammonium bromide (TMAB), tetraethylammonium bromide (TEAB), tetrapropylammonium bromide (TPAB), tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB), tetrabutylammonium chloride (TBAC), tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate (TBAH), dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB), and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The inorganic ammonium halides reduced the water-solubility of BuOH and induced the salting-out effect. As the concentration of inorganic ammonium salts increased, the strength of the salting-out effect and the area of the biphasic region increased. However, all the investigated tetraalkylammonium salts had the salting-in effect on BuOH and increased its solubility in water. The extent of the monophasic region and also the intensity of the salting-in effect (co-solvency) enhanced with increasing the concentration of the tetraalkylammonium salts. The effects of the charge density of the salt anion as well as the alkyl chain length of the salt cation, on the immiscibility region of aqueous BuOH solutions, were studied. From the correlation of the measured cloud point data with Setschenow’s relation, the salting effects occurring in the investigated systems were also quantified. Finally, the values of different thermodynamic functions of phase separation were determined, from which the driving force of clouding at different conditions was discussed.

Thermodynamic properties of K2HPO4/d-sucrose/water ternary solutions were investigated at 298.15 K. Water activity, osmotic coefficient, and electrolyte saturation points are determined by measuring relative humidities in the wide range of K2HPO4 molality (ranging from 0.1 to approximately 5 mol·kg–1) and for various d-sucrose contents (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 5.5 mol·kg–1) in the ternary K2HPO4/d-sucrose/water system. The solid state was characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) techniques. The obtained data were then analyzed using the Pitzer-Simonson-Clegg (PSC) model to determine several thermodynamic properties. These properties encompass the stoichiometric ionic mean activity coefficient of K2HPO4, excess Gibbs energy, solubility in aqueous solutions, and the Gibbs energy of transfer of K2HPO4 between water (W) and d-sucrose/water (W+S) mixtures. Furthermore, the interactions among water, d-sucrose, and K2HPO4 are also examined and discussed.

This study reports on the determination of stability constants for ternary cobalt(II) complexes using primary ligands, pyridine carboxylic acids (picolinic (HPic) and dipicolinic (H2Dipic) acids), along with secondary ligands: lactic acid (HLac, HL), oxalic acid (H2Ox, H2L), citric acid (H3Cit, H3L), and phosphoric acid (H3PO4, H3L). Potentiometric data for binary cobalt(II) bioligand complexes and ternary cobalt(II) pyridine carboxylic acid and bioligand complexes were analyzed using the computational program LETAGROP. The experiments were conducted in an ionic medium of 1.0 mol dm–3 NaNO3 at 25 °C. Species distribution diagrams were generated, and relative stability parameters Δlog10 K, log10 X, and % R.S. were calculated. These findings may have important implications for the design of new cobalt(II) complexes for various applications.

Hydrocarbons of natural gas are captured by the solvent in the gas-sweetening absorption process and added to losses in production. Therefore, knowledge of hydrocarbon solubilities in solvents is required to assess and overcome these losses. In this study, the solubility of the main components of natural gas, methane and ethane, in n-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and monoethanolamine-based solvents was determined at the temperature of 313.15 K and pressures up to 2.366 MPa. Mass fractions of 0.10, 0.20, and 0.30 amine in the solutions were used in measurements that were performed using a static-synthetic method. The experimental data were modeled using the Soave–Redlich–Kwong Equation of State. Experimental results showed that the replacement of the aqueous part of conventional monoethanolamine solvents with n-methyl-2-pyrrolidone increased the solubility of desirable components of natural gas which is a negative side effect. The addition of monoethanolamine to n-methyl-2-pyrrolidone outperformed the Purisol solvent in terms of carbon dioxide absorption and decreased hydrocarbon solubility.

Continuous Fractional Component Monte Carlo (CFCMC) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are performed to calculate the solubilities and self-diffusion coefficients of four light n-alkanes (methane, ethane, propane, and n-butane) in aqueous NaCl solutions as well as the thermodynamic properties of their corresponding hydrate crystals. Correction factors kij to the Lorentz–Berthelot combining rules for alkane groups (CH3) and water are optimized (kij = 1.04) by fitting excess chemical potentials to experimental data at 1 bar and 298.15 K. Using these values of kij, we calculate the solubilities of the four alkanes in aqueous NaCl solutions with different molalities (0–6) mol/kg at different temperatures (278.15–308.15) K and pressures (1, 100, 200, 300) bar. The diffusion coefficients of the four alkanes in NaCl solutions (0–6) mol/kg are calculated at different temperatures (278.15–308.15) K and 1 bar and corrected for the finite-size effects. The lattice parameters of the corresponding hydrates with different guest molecules are computed using MD simulations at different temperatures (150–290) K and pressures (5–700) MPa. Isothermal compressibilities at 287.15 K and thermal expansion coefficients at 14.5 MPa for the corresponding hydrates are calculated. We present an extensive collection of thermodynamic data related to gas hydrates that contribute to a fundamental understanding of natural gas hydrate science.

This work has been performed to study about the thermophysical properties of the binary mixtures of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide ([EMIM][N(CN)2]) ionic liquids (ILs) with 1-butanol and 2-butanol molecular organic solvents. With the help of high precision vibrating tube density meter, density (ρ), and speed of sound (u) while using an automated falling ball microviscometer, viscosities (η) have been experimentally evaluated for pure as well as binary mixtures over whole mole fraction (x1) range of IL at T = 298.15–323.15 K and p = 0.1 MPa. Using these data, the excess/deviation parameters have been determined. Fitting of evaluated excess/deviation parameters was performed using the well-known Redlich–Kister polynomial equation. Prigogine–Flory–Patterson equation was also used to correlate the excess molar volume VE data of each binary mixture and found that both VE values are very close to each other. The solute-solvent interactions were discussed in terms of various forces of attraction, and the details are described in the Results and Discussion section. Classical MD simulations at room temperature for the chosen concentrations confirmed that the molecular environment is very similar, regardless of whether 1-butanol or 2-butanol is present in the binary mixtures. However, 1-butanol showed slightly greater interaction with the IL than 2-butanol, which seems to have more freedom to accommodate itself within the interstitial sites of the IL.

Ionic liquids (ILs) have been evaluated extensively as post-combustion CO2 capture solvents, with CO2 solubility data available for a large number of ILs. However, data for the solubility of the less-soluble gas component, N2, are sparse. Therefore, the solubility of N2 was measured gravimetrically at pressures up to 140 bar in 12 ILs containing imidazolium, ammonium, pyrrolidinium, and phosphonium cations paired with bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([TFSI]−), dicyanamide ([DCA]−), methanesulfonate ([MeSO3]−), tetrafluoroborate [BF4]−), and triflate ([TfO]−) anions. Increasing the alkyl chain length from ethyl to hexyl to decyl in alkylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ILs increased the N2 solubility. The same effect was observed with phosphonium cations paired with the bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide anion. Nitrogen solubility in ILs with the 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium cation followed the order [DCA]− < [MeSO3]− < [BF4]− < [TfO]− < [TFSI]−. Generally, regardless of the IL structure, the N2 solubility increased with increasing IL molar volume. For ILs with similar chemical composition and molar volume (i.e., ILs with tetraalkylammonium and pyrrolidinium cations), N2 was less soluble in the IL with the cyclic cation. The absorption of N2 in bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ILs did not depend significantly on temperature. However, [emim][BF4] had a significant positive enthalpy of N2 absorption. These N2 solubility data, along with the readily available CO2 solubilities in ILs, is critical to evaluating ILs for post-combustion carbon capture processes.

The existence of two ternary azeotropes in the pressure range of 26.66–80.00 kPa has been experimentally confirmed in the benzene + perfluorobenzene + water system. The compositions and the boiling points of azeotropes benzene + water, perfluorobenzene + water, benzene + perfluorobenzene, benzene + perfluorobenzene + water (unstable node), as well as the boiling point of internal saddle azeotrope at pressures of 26.66, 53.33, and 80.00 kPa were determined. The experimental data are in good agreement with the results of other authors. The evolution of the VLE diagrams of the system under pressure changes was studied. It was shown that when the pressure increases, the azeotrope benzene + perfluorobenzene first disappears (through an internal tangential azeotrope), which confirms the predictions of other authors, and then two ternary ones (also through an internal tangential azeotrope). The compositions of azeotropes in the bifurcation state were determined in the computational experiment.

Ternary liquid–liquid phase equilibrium (LLE) data of water + 3-pentanone + extractants (methyl tert-butyl ether, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, o-xylene, ethyl acetate) were measured to separate 3-pentanone of high purity from aqueous solutions at 308.2 K under 101.3 kPa. The ability to extract 3-pentanone from aqueous solutions was assessed by distribution coefficient (D) and separation factor (S). Hand and Bachman equations tested the reliability of the experimental data with linear coefficients (R2) not less than 0.99. Meanwhile, UNIQUAC and NRTL thermodynamic models regressed experimentally measured data to get the optimal binary interaction parameters, and the root mean square deviation (RMSD) was not more than 0.4%. The GUI-MATLAB program verified the consistency of binary parameters obtained from the NRTL model well.

To study and comprehend the molecular interactions between ionic liquids (ILs) such as 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide [EMIm]Br, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide [BMIm]Br, and 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide [HMIm]Br, and the antidepressant drug-nortriptyline hydrochloride (NTPH), we have examined the volumetric, acoustic, and viscometer properties of the binary and ternary solutions of different concentrations at different temperatures 288.15–318.15 K in the temperature interval of 10 K. The intermolecular interactions have been appraised and identified on the basis of different parameters, i.e., apparent molar properties (VΦ, Ks, Φ), limiting apparent molar properties (VoΦ, Kos,Φ), viscosity coefficients A and B, limiting apparent molar transfer properties (VoΦ,tr, Kos,Φ,tr), viscosity B-coefficient of transfer (Btr). Pair and triplet interaction coefficients are also determined using McMillan-Mayer theory. Based on the cosphere overlap model, the positive transfer values (VoΦ,tr, Kos,Φ,tr) demonstrate that ionic-hydrophilic and hydrophilic–hydrophilic interactions are dominant between NTPH-IL solutions. Additionally, the strength of these interactions increases as the alkyl chain length of the imidazolium ionic liquid increases. Furthermore, the negative values of temperature derivatives of B-coefficients (dB/dT) and the positive values of Hepler’s constant confirms the structure making nature of NTPH.

The present work is the further study of solubility of bicalutamide (BCL) form I in alcohols, polar aprotic solvents, and non-polar hydrocarbon solvents with the isothermal saturation method. The solubility magnitudes in the mole fraction of BCL in each solvents obey the decreasing order: n-propyl acetate > acetonitrile > ethyl acetate > methanol > ethanol, 1-butanol > n-propanol > isopropanol > isobutanol > toluene > cyclohexane > n-hexane. In systems of BCL + alcohols, a 3.65-fold higher solubility value in methanol at 298.15 K as compared to isobutanol was obtained. The quantitative treatment of solvent effects indicates that the hydrogen bond basicity (β) and dipolarity/polarizability (π*) are favorable for the solubility of BCL in selected solvents. However, the change trend of Hildebrand’s solubility parameters of solvents is negatively correlated with the solubility curve of BCL. For toluene, it only interacts with BCL molecules through weak hydrogen bond and dispersion force. In addition, the non-polar hydrocarbon solvents include n-hexane and cyclohexane, which can only interact with BCL molecules through dispersion force. The relative average deviation values indicate that the solubility data of BCL in pure solvents at different temperatures are more consistent with the calculated results of the Apelblat equation.

Bifonazole is a derivative of imidazoles with a wide antibacterial spectrum and is widely used for treating various fungi infections. However, in the open literature, the solubility data of bifonazole are rarely reported. Considering the importance of the solubility of bifonazole in its manufacture and applications, the solubility of bifonazole in 8 alcohols and 4 n-alkyl acetates as well as acetonitrile and N, N-dimethylformamide in the temperatures ranging from 283.15 to 323.15 K has been measured with the assistance of a dynamic laser solubility monitoring device in this paper. The measured solubility of bifonazole follows the order of DMF > alcohols > esters > acetonitrile. The relationship between the solubility of bifonazole and temperature was correlated using three semi-empirical and two activity coefficient solubility models. In addition, the thermodynamic mixing properties (ΔmixG, ΔmixH, ΔmixS, γ1∞, and H1E, ∞) of the bifonazole solutions were evaluated in terms of experimental data and Wilson model parameters.