Abstract not available

BackgroundThis study aimed to examine the role of Artemisia annua in kidney functions in gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in mice.MethodsIn this study, 15 mice were used and divided into four groups. Each group has four mice; the first group is considered a control group with three mice due to receiving normal saline. Group II consists of an extract of Artemisia annua, group III consists of gentamicin, and Group IV consists of a combination of Artemisia annua and gentamicin. This process was continued for 15 days. All the mice were induced, and serum was extracted and used for biochemical parameters such as Creatinine, Urea, Uric acid, TNF-α, MDA, GSH, and Catalase (CAT) levels—additionally, histological and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis.ResultsThe results of this study confirmed biochemical values such as creatinine, Urea, and UA values showed a positive association (p0.05). The Gentamicin group has a strong association with COX-2, NF-κB, and TGF-β genes (p<0.05).ConclusionThis study confirms gentamycin has a role in kidney functions with nephrotoxicity in mice and the protective effect of Artemisia annua.

ObjectiveIn this current study, we were planned to produce Colchicum ritchii flower extract associated calcium chloride nanoparticle (CRNPs) in a simple organic method and evaluate their apple fruit pathogenic resistance as well as their shelf-life extension properties during storage.MethodsThis CRNPs was confirmed by analysis of various established physical and chemical methods. Moreover, the apple fruit pathogenic resistance as well as their shelf-life extension properties during storage were evaluated by standardizing methods.ResultsOur results showed that the CRNPs were contrived and proven by physical and chemical evaluations. Moreover, the biological observation of CRNPs indicates that they have good pathogenic resistance properties against the Botryosphaeria dothidea without changing the taste through the prevented metabolites changes and increased sialic acid synthesis. The effective dose of pathogenic resistance in CRNPs was 40 µg/mL. The levels of defensive enzymes such as chitinase (CHI), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), and β-1,3-glucanase (GLU) significantly increased in CRNPs treated fruits. The increasing antioxidant enzymes activities including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were shown in CRNPs treated apple fruit. The CRNPs-treated apple fruit was found to increase in salicylic acid (SA) and SA glucoside (SAG) levels, owing to increased SA synthesis. Moreover, shelf-life extension studies of fresh cut apples were conducted by immersing them in 20 and 40 µg/mL CRNPs as well as a standard solution of 2% calcium chloride for 5 mins. The standard solution of calcium chloride as well the CRNPs were proved as a good preservative and they were preserved the apple fruits shelf-life up to 25 days.ConclusionIn this study, we have concluded that the CRNPs were produced by fusion with Colchicum ritchii flower extract and calcium chloride in a superlative natural method. Our results recommended that the CRNPs is acted as a best source for apple ring rot resistance without changing the taste through the prevented metabolites changes and increased sialic acid synthesis as well as the antioxidant properties. In addition, the CRNPs is superlative source for apple shelf-life extension up to 25 days without any toxicology nature.

Growing Vigna mungo in soils contaminated with lead (Pb) is a major concern due to its negative impact on plant growth and development. When lead enters through food in the human body, it can be accumulated in bones, liver, and kidneys. In severe cases, lead poisoning can cause cancer, seizures, coma, and even death. To address this issue in plants, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) have been identified as a potential solution to enhance plant growth and mitigate the harmful effects of heavy metal toxicity. However, the effectiveness of PSB can be improved by isolating and characterizing new strains over time, which will aid in developing sustainable management strategies for Pb-contaminated soils. Thus, the current study aimed to investigate the impact of Pb contamination on V. mungo growth and the potential use of newly isolated microbial strains to enhance V. mungo growth and immobilize Pb. Three levels of Pb contamination were used: control (no Pb toxicity), 125Pb (125 mg Pb/kg soil), and 250Pb (250 mg Pb/kg soil). Six different microbial strains, RP01, RP02, RP03, RP04, RP05, and RP06, were used to inoculate V. mungo seeds. The results of the experiment demonstrated that RP02 was the most effective strain in improving various growth parameters such as shoot length, root length, seedling length, fresh weight, dry weight, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll. While RP03 also showed significant improvement in these growth parameters, its effectiveness was not as high as RP02 in some respects. The efficacy of RP02 in alleviating Pb toxicity was further confirmed by a significant decrease in Pb concentration in the seedling, which was attributed to the production of siderophore. Therefore, it can be concluded that RP02 has the potential to improve V. mungo growth under Pb contamination. However, further field investigations are needed to confirm RP02 as the best strain for enhancing V. mungo production under Pb toxicity.

ObjectivesThe influence of flax fibre loading on the dynamic thermal and mechanical characteristics of composites was investigated in this work.MethodsFlax composites were fabricated at 30 (F-30), 40(F-40) and 50(F-50) wt% fibre loading. As a control, a bio-phenolic/epoxy polymer blend (P-20) containing 20% bio-phenolic was made.ResultsThe findings suggest that the incorporation of flax into the composites led to an enhancement in the dynamic mechanical properties of the experimental sample. The glass transition temperature (Tg) was identified via dynamic mechanical analysis to be between 60 °C and 85 °C. Aside from that, the cole–cole plot revealed a heterogeneous mixture of fabricated samples, with strong fibre-to-matrix adhesion. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed adding flax to the composite reduces thermal stability.ConclusionsWith the integration of flax as reinforcement, it could be asserted that the composites' dynamic mechanical properties improved while their thermal stability reduced.

The chemical structure of 2-Bromo-6-nitrotoluene was optimized using the B3LYP/6–311++G (d, p) basis set and density functional theory. Calculations were made on the molecules of the substance 2-Bromo-6-nitrotoluene's geometrical-parameters. A variety of DFT techniques, including border atomic orbitals, essential binding orbitals, local reaction descriptors, and molecular electrostatic potentials, are worn to test the reactivity of molecules. Several solvents (water, benzene and DMSO) were examined by UV–vis spectroscopy and vapor phase electronic transition. Estimated efficiency for the most heavily inhabited molecular orbital and even the least vacant molecular orbital describes electron excitation properties. Environmental toxicity, pharmacological similarity, localized orbital location, and electron localized function were assessed. To evaluate the material's metabolic processes, chemical interaction modelling was used. In conclusion, this paper offers a thorough investigation combining spectroscopic and quantum computational methods to evaluate the metabolic function and solvation impact of selected therapeutic substances. The information gathered is therefore very useful in planning for future study.

The ndhA gene of NAD(P)H dehydrogenase in chloroplast DNA is vital for the electron transport chain and needs to be studied, especially in the context of RNA editing and its effects. Wild barley (Hordeum vulgare subsp. spontaneum) plants were studied in 4 groups, with exposure to 500 mM NaCl for 0 h – control (accession no. OM262848), and three treatment groups: 2 h (accession no. OM262849), 12 h (accession no. OM262850) and 24 h (accession no. OM262851) and their RNA was sent for RNA-seq sequencing. The sequences were submitted to NCBI SRA archives and analyzed together after filtering for high quality. This was done to show the RNA editing position and percentages at 10 sites across the ndhA gene. The RNA edits were validated using quantitative-PCR and homology models for the ndhA protein after exposure to salt stress were also generated. The four treatments showed five C to U changes (C50, C303, C563, C1042, C1047), three U to C changes (U550, U592, U1066), and two G to A changes (G111, G1046). We investigated the extent and effect of RNA editing in ndhA transcripts from chloroplasts of barley. We observed high RNA editing percentages after the second hour of salt stress.We have also observed for the first time about ‘U to C’ RNA edits in ndhA gene of wild barley.

BackgroundFish diseases are the primary cause of decreased productivity and financial losses in fish farms. Detecting and monitoring fish disease using human eye is a time-consuming manual process. Technological advancements have made possible that data may now be collected at unprecedented speeds, quantities, and complexity, with far less effort and expense. Species must be provided optimum environmental conditions for healthy production. However, sub-optimal conditions and managerial issues could lead to disease outbreaks in fish farms. Machine learning (ML) classifiers can provide solutions to fish farm difficulties by collecting data with less efforts.MethodsThis study investigated water physico-chemical parameters potentially responsible for bacterial disease outbreak in fish farms. Four most popular ML algorithms, i.e., support vector machine (SVM), naïve bayes (NB), random ferns (RFerns), and K-nearest neighbor (kNN) were used to detect the physico-chemical parameters of water causing the disease. Data were collected from 3 different farms in two-month periods for 1 year. Models were developed by using 10-fold cross validation procedure to the training dataset data for each model. The models were examined using seven distinct metrics throughout the training and testing phases.ResultsThe SVM and RFerns classifiers produced accurate results (100% for both) during the testing phase, while kNN and NB classifiers achieved lower accuracy (91.3% accuracy for both).ConclusionThe SVM and RFerns algorithms performed better than kNN and NB algorithms in both the training and testing phases of the study. Although earlier research confirms the efficacy of the SVM algorithm in aquaculture, comparable efficacy of RFerns with SVM has been reported in this sector for the first time, which is a significant addition to the literature.

Current attention has been given on health effects of combined exposure of nanoscale materials and organic pollutants. Nickel (II) oxide nanoparticles (NiO NPs) displays exceptional properties and is being used in various areas such as batteries, diesel–fuel additives, and biomedicals. Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is a ubiquitous pollutant. Cigarette smoke, diesel exhaust, and grilled foods are main sources of BaP exposure. Therefore, combined exposure of NiO NPs and BaP to humans is unavoidable. There is a dearth of knowledge on combined effects of NiO NPs and BaP in humans. This study was aimed to investigate co-exposure effects of NiO NPs and BaP in human liver cells (HepG2) and primary rat hepatocytes. We observed that individual and co-exposure of NiO NPs and BaP induced cytotoxicity, lactate dehydrogenase leakage, lipid peroxidation, depletion of mitochondrial membrane potential, and activation of caspases (-3 and -9) in both types of cells. Individual and co-exposure of NiO NPs and BaP further accelerated the generation of free oxygen radicals (reactive oxygen species and hydrogen peroxide) and depletion of antioxidants (glutathione and various antioxidant enzymes). Remarkably, NiO NPs and BaP exerted synergistic toxicity to both HepG2 cells and primary rat hepatocytes. Moreover, combined toxicity of NiO NPs and BaP in both cells was mediated through free oxygen radicals induced oxidative stress. This work warrants further research on risk assessment of co-exposure effects NiO NPs and BaP in an appropriate in vivo model.

Sentiment analysis is an important study topic with diverse application domains including social network monitoring and automatic analysis of the body of natural language communication. Existing research on sentiment analysis has already utilised substantial domain knowledge available online comprising users’ opinion in various areas such as business, education, and social media. There is however limited literature available on Arabic language sentiment analysis. Furthermore, datasets used in majority of these studies have poor classification. In the present study, we utilised a primary dataset comprising 2122 sentences and 15,331 words compiled from 206 publicly available online posts to perform sentiment classification by using advanced machine learning technique based on Artificial Neural Networks. Unlike lexicon-based techniques that suffer from low accuracy due to their computational nature and parameter configuration, Artificial Neural Networks were used to classify people opinion posts into three categories including conservative, reform and revolution, accompanied by multiple hasher vector size to benchmark the performance of the proposed model. Extensive simulation results indicated an accuracy of 93.33%, 100%, and 100% for the classification of conservation, reform, and revolutionary classes, respectively.

The stingless bee, Tetragonula sapiens, is one of the species producing propolis in Indonesia. To date, there is still limited information about the standard characteristics and biological activity of propolis. This study investigated the standardized extract of Indonesian propolis in terms of its potency for controlling diabetes and high blood pressure in vitro, in accordance with its standard parameters. Three types of extracts; i.e., ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP), spray-dry propolis without wax (SDPNW), and spray-dry propolis with wax (SDPW); were prepared from T. sapiens stingless bees collected in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The ethanolic extractable, loss on drying, ash, and water content parameters of EEP, SDPNW, and SDPW met the natural extract requirement. There is no significant value for their residual solvent levels (<0.54%), heavy metals (the absence of As, Cd, Pb, and Hg contamination), or the absence of microbial contamination. ACE inhibition activity on captopril, EEP, SDPNW, and SDPW had IC50 values of 5.97, 115.06, 112.93, and 116.70 ppm, respectively. While the IC50 values of acarbose, SDPNW, EEP, and SDPW for antidiabetic activity of α-glucosidase inhibition were 53.34, 56.48, 60.09, and 68.28 ppm, respectively. The TFC and TPC content of SDPNW were higher than EEP and SDPW, with values of 1.59% and 1.93%, respectively. It can be said that Indonesian propolis extract meets the standards for an extract and has the potential to reduce diabetic and hypertensive diseases. Further preclinical and clinical studies are needed to develop standardized propolis extract as an anti-diabetic and antihypertensive agent.

ObjectiveThe traditional cereal-based fermented beverage, Sobia, is in high demand in the Arab community of the Middle East, particularly during the sacred month of Ramadhan. The sugar (fructose, glucose, and sucrose) content and presence of synthetic food color additives (tartrazine [E-102], sunset yellow [E-110], carmoisine [E-122], and brilliant black [E-151]) and major mycotoxins (aflatoxins, trichothecene [T-2], ochratoxins, and deoxynivalenol [DON]) in Sobia beverages from the western and central regions of Saudi Arabia were investigated for safety.MethodsSobia samples from anonymous vendors were collected, divided based on their apparent colors (red, dark red, white, or yellow), and prepared following a simple, “quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe” extraction method. This was followed by high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry analysis.ResultsSugars were present at the following concentrations: fructose: 0.69–33.81 mg/mL; glucose: 0.26–37.69 mg/mL; and sucrose: 0.30–149.67 mg/mL. Synthetic food colorants E-102 and E-122 were detected at concentrations of 0.22–1.37 µg/mL and 6.58–42.73 µg/mL, respectively. By contrast, E-110 and E-151 were found in only one sample at concentrations of 0.45 µg/mL and 152.87 µg/mL, respectively. The results of mycotoxin analysis revealed no aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, or G2 in any sample; however, T-2 and DON appeared at concentrations of 0.6–1.4 µg/mL and 1.15–38.5 µg/mL, respectively.ConclusionThe results of this investigation of Sobia beverages revealed the presence of two mycotoxins. However, it eliminated the concern over the most carcinogenic mycotoxins: aflatoxins. It also illustrated the unmediated addition of sugars and synthetic food colorants (used to enhance taste and attract consumers) during Sobia production. Thus, there is an urgent need for responsible agencies to regulate Sobia production. Further investigation is required to assess the quality and health risks of Sobia beverages.

BackgroundMaize is an economical crop of China, and its production has been severely affected by the invasive Spodoptera frugiperda in recent year. Application of synthetic pesticides are one of the most effective practices against FAW as an emergency control. This pest causes serious damage to the maize crop worldwide in recent decade, especially in China.MethodsTo find an alternative to synthetic insecticides there were total 16 different chemicals were used including ten botanical insecticides comprising of seven botanicals, azadirachtin, pyrethrin, nicotine, osthole, rotenone, Celastrus angulatus, matrine, and three insect growth regulators, diflubenzuron, lufenuron and buprofezin. Six synthetic insecticides, including emamectin benzoate, indoxacarb, imidacloprid and thiamethoxan, chlorantraniliprole, chlorfenapyr, were evaluated against 2nd instar of S. frugiperda larvae using leaf-dip method. Results: The results revealed that osthole, azadirachtin, buprofezin and pyrethrin were showed the significant larval mortality of 98.0, 96.7, 94.0 and 90.7%, in 120 h observation and exhibiting minimum LC50 (39.04, 35.58, 61.45 and 48.46 mg/L, respectively) and LT50 (48.91, 68.85, 58.67 and 58.57 hours, respectively) values. Among tested synthetic insecticides, emamectin benzoate, chlorantraniliprole and chlorfenapyr were showed significant higher mortality against larvae of S. frugiperda (99.3, 96.0 and 89.3%, respectively) in 72 h observation by exhibiting minimum LC50 (0.26, 0.39 and 0.72 mg/L, respectively) and and LT50 (10.18, 10.57 and 13.42 hours, respectively) values. More study is needed to test the laboratory findings in the field, although the efficient biorational pesticides might be utilized as part of integrated pest management against S. frugiperda.ConclusionThe effective chemicals could be used in the management for S. frugiperda. The highest discriminating concentrations of tested botanical insecticides, insect growth regulators and insecticides caused significant mortality of S. frugiperda larvae.

In this study, the catalytic mechanism of Mn,Cu-Fe2O3 catalyst was directly determined through reaction kinetics coupled with surface characterization. The impact of operating conditions on the catalytic performance of Mn,Cu-Fe2O3 nanocomposite for toluene oxidation in a continuous fixed-bed reactor was investigated. It was found that Mn,Cu-Fe2O3 catalyst gave the best catalytic performance in toluene removal when the initial concentrations of toluene and oxygen were at 165 ppmv and 10% at a flow rate of 200 mL min−1, respectively. Subsequently, Power-law, Mars-van Krevelen, and Langmuir-Hinshelwood models were developed to describe the kinetics of the total toluene oxidation for both toluene- and oxygen-dependent mixtures in a range of temperatures. According to the results, the basic Power-law model could not properly represent the kinetics of toluene oxidation over the catalyst. Meanwhile, the Mars-van Krevelen model allows for determining the kinetic mechanism under the variation of C7H8 concentration. The Langmuir-Hinshelwood model is attainable to express the kinetics of the oxygen-involved reaction mechanism. Moreover, the change in the structure of Mn,Cu-Fe2O3 catalyst after the catalytic reaction was characterized by X-ray Absorption Near-edge Structure (XANES) and Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) measurements to confirm the catalytic mechanism determined through reaction kinetics. The achieved results suggest the possibility of using various models to justify the correlation between model-simulated and experimental data for VOCs oxidation in a continuous-flow catalytic reactor.

Drug resistance and new diseases are becoming serious threat for flora and animals. Scientists are developing more effective amalgams to thwart millions of demises. Traditional medication uses Ferula spp. in being conferred in this framework. We used Scientific direct, Google Scholar, PubMed, to research Ferula's antimicrobial profile amongst which we found five of Ferula spp. are antibacterial. Moreover, ferulenol from Ferula communis unveiled decent action. Four novel thiophene amalgams were attained from Ferula foetida roots (foetithiophenes C-F [3-6]). Foetithiophene F (6) showed toxicity to Gram-positive bacteria. Foetithiophene F from Ferula foetida has antibacterial and antifungal activities. Alkaloids, coumarins, flavonoids, saponins, opines, ergosterols, steroids, and terpenes overflow. Ferula spp. can be used for drug development after thorough follow-up investigations. Medicinal plant extracts cannot kill all pathogens. Chemicals can be extracted more effectively and selectively using plant-specific extraction approaches. Plant extracts' antimicrobial susceptibility is tested—capricious test discoveries. Ferula asafoetida L. is the keyderivation of Asafoetida, which has a pungent, persistent, and sulphurous odour and oleo-gum resin, which plays a vital protagonist in both medicine and nutrition. Asafoetida has been a spice and cure since ancient times. Recent study has shown relaxing, neuroprotective, memory-enhancing, digestive enzyme, antioxidant, antispasmodic, hypotensive, hepatoprotective, antibacterial, anticarcinogenic, anticancer, anticytotoxicity, anti-obesity, anthelmintic, and antagonistic properties. This paper discusses Asafoetida's pharmacology, therapy, and phytochemistry. Discovering novel antimicrobials from plant extracts is difficult despite efforts to improve antibacterial activity. Medicinal plant extracts must be researched for their mechanisms of action, chemical interactions, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics before being considered antibacterial. In this review, we explored Ferula spp.-based components' antimicrobial properties, processes, and chemical possibilities.

ObjectivesCopper (Cu) and mercury (Hg) are major pollutants worldwide, but the gastrointestinal damage caused by copper and mercury exposure is unclear. We are committed to scientific research on the harm and transformation of copper and mercury exposure to the rectal microbial population of female mice.MethodsKunming mice (n = 24) were randomly divided into four equal groups, i.e., 1) Rectal Colon Control (RCK) group, 0 mg/kg of Cu and Hg), 2) Rectal Copper (RCu group), 5 mg/kg weight of Cu), 3) Rectal Mercury (RHg) group, 2 mg/kg weight of Hg) and 4) Rectal copper-mercury (RCH) group, 2.5 and 1 mg/kg weight of Cu and Hg. On the 90th day, the rectal and intestinal tissues were analyzed for pathophysiology, and quantitative analysis by PCR, then a library was prepared, and sequencing was carried out.ResultsThe rectal tissue of the RCu and RCH group had histopathological and physiological damage, including low weight, low pH value, increased thickness of the outer muscle layer, smooth muscle tissue, widening of the submucosal layer, reduction of goblet cells, blunt intestinal villi and severe aging of the central mammary duct. In addition, Sequencing results of 16S rRNA genes compared with RCK showed that the abundance of the Treponema, Coprococcus, and Dehalobacterium in RCu was more significant than the RCK. Still, the bacillus, Jeotgalicoccus, Salinicoccus, Staphylococcus, and Ignatzschineria was just the opposite. The abundance of Butyricimonas, Streptococcus, Dehalobacterium, Coprococcus, Oscillospira, and Helicobacter in RHg was more significant than in the RCK. Still, Corynebacterium, Bacillus, Jeotgalicoccus, Salinicoccus, Staphylococcus, Lactococcus, and Ignatzschineria were the opposite. We found some similar exciting things. The abundance of the Dehalobacterium, Coprococcus, and Oscillospira was significantly more significant than the RCK. Still, the Corynebacterium, Salinicoccus, Jeotgalicoccus, Staphylococcus, Lactococcus, Sutterella, and Ignatzschineria were the opposite. In addition, the Staphylococcus in RCu was increased than in the RCH, and the Streptococcus in RCu was increased than in the RCH.ConclusionThe results of the present study furnish a source for a more precise validation of the risk of digestive tract diseases driven by Cu and Hg.

Lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) have a wide range of potential uses in the biomedical and environmental fields. They are used to prepare antioxidants, food packaging material, energy storage, cosmetics, thermal/light stabilizers, reinforced materials, and drug delivery. In this study, LNPs were prepared from soda lignin obtained from Oxytenanthera abyssinica using dioxane, acetone, ethanol, and acid-base solvents through the nanoprecipitation method, followed by an ultrasonic process. These methods produced four different LNPs with yields in the range of 28.5% to 88.9%. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that the spherical-shaped LNPS (100–400 nm) were obtained using the acetone solvent, while irregularly shaped LNPs were formed by dioxane (150–400 nm), ethanol (40–200 nm) and acid-base (100–800 nm) solvents. The maximum zeta potential of the LNPAS samples was |-35.1 mV|, determined by the dynamic light scattering (DLS), with a particle size distribution between 91.28 and 458.7 nm. According to the energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX) results, the sample contains the elements C, O, Si, Na, and Mo. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis showed very small crystallinity sizes ranging from 0.31 to 0.35 nm. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (H-NMR) and Fourier transformation infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to find the functional groups in the synthesized LNPs. The Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) peak showed that LNPS was thermally stable, and rapid mass loss occurred between 300 and 415 oC. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) data shows that the highest exothermic peaks are obtained at 345.2 oC. Synthesis of LNPs by dissolving isolated soda lignin in acetone, ethanol, dioxane, and acid-base solvents was quickly recovered, cheap, and eco-friendly. The synthesized are free of sulfur; they do not use toxic solvents such as Tetrahydrofuran (THF), Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and Dimethylformamide (DMF). Thus, they provide benefits for high-value-added Nanocomposite applications such as bio-based nonmaterial and food packaging materials. Acid-base nanoprecipitation procedure is the best approach regarding stability and size, but the acetone nanoprecipitation method is preferable regarding shape.

BackgroundHost plants not only provide and living places and energy materials for insects, but also influence insect population parameters and population fitness.MethodsThis study examined the influence of various host plant species on the fitness of pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum). The biological parameters and population parameters of pea aphid on 6 different host plants (Vicia fabae, Pisum sativum, Medicago sativa, Trifolium pratense, Onobrychis viciaefolia and Melilotus officinalis) were observed and counted by ecological experiments, which were carried out in a control chamber.ResultsThe results showed that the developmental duration of 1st and 2nd instar nymphs of pea aphids on T. pratense and P. sativum was significantly prolonged, whereas that of 3rd and 4th instar nymphs on O. viciaefolia and M. officinalis was significantly shortened. Compared with the pea aphid on the V. faba, the longevity of adults on M. officinalis and P. sativum was significantly prolonged, but only the generation time on P. sativum was significantly prolonged. Moreover, the survival rate of nymphs was significantly lower on O. viciaefolia and M. sativa than on others. Net reproductive rate and mean generation time on V. faba were significantly higher than in other host plants. The intrinsic rate of increase (rm) and finite rate of increase (λ) of pea aphid feeding of A. pisum on P. sativum and O. viciaefolia decreased. However, those on the double population time on P. sativum and O. viciaefolia were significantly higher than the others.ConclusionThe findings will clarify the population fitness of pea aphids on different hosts and guide the rational distribution of different host plants, and provide new references for aphid control strategies.

Molecular mechanisms underlying adaptation to the environments are still challenging in evolutionary biology. This study conducted a comparative analysis of tyrosine protein across different mammalian species to gain insight into the molecular mechanisms of adaptive evolution in response to oxidative stress. By examining tyrosine protein's structural and evolutionary patterns, the study identified specific amino acid residues that may have played a role in adaptive evolution in response to oxidative stress. We examined this protein's structural and evolutionary patterns and identified specific amino acid residues that may have played a role in adaptive evolution. Our results suggest that changes in the tyrosine protein may have contributed to the evolution of antioxidant defense mechanisms in mammals. We also reconstructed the evolutionary history of tyrosine protein in mammals and identified key events and lineages that may have contributed to the observed patterns of adaptation. These findings provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms that underlie adaptive evolution in response to environmental stressors and highlight the importance of the tyrosine protein in the evolution of antioxidant defense systems in mammals. The results suggest that changes in the tyrosine protein may have contributed to the evolution of antioxidant defense mechanisms in mammals. These findings provide a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie adaptive evolution in response to environmental stressors.

Analysis of extreme rainfall parameters including rainfall intensities is a fundamental requisite in safe planning, designing, and operating various hydrologic and water engineering projects against storms and floods. In arid and semi-arid regions, such as Oman, sufficient long-term rainfall data with short aggregation are usually not available in most locations across the country. This paper presents the development of intensity duration frequency (IDF) curves using the available rainfall data from 65 meteorological stations situated at different elevations and regions throughout Oman. Gumbel distribution was fitted to the observed data and rainfall intensities were found for various return periods. Rainfall analysis showed the average annual rainfall of 109.21 mm with a standard deviation of 92.82 mm, Skewness coefficient of 1.62 and Kurtosis coefficient of 3.08 for all the studied stations from 1977 to 2017. The statistical analysis showed that the estimated rainfall intensities for various return periods are high in the mountainous region compared to the desert or interior region, and the coastal region of the country. Also, the empirical parameters of IDF formula for all studied stations were established using non-linear regression. Finally, the contour maps for all the parameters were drawn which could be used to determine the IDF relationships for ungauged locations. This study will be useful for the decision makers and practicing hydrologists for planning and design of water resources systems in Oman.