The enthralling biocompatibility and low toxicity of carbon dots (CDs) has played progressive role in drug delivery. The present study aimed to use dapsone (Dap) as a model antileprosy drug and CDs as a drug carrier with a vision to enumerate a new and proficient means to study the physicochemical interaction of drug with serum albumins. The fluorescent CDs were fabricated by thermal calcination of a natural, nontoxic medicinal flower of Ocimum sanctum. The systematic surveillance of genotoxic studies on Allium sativum and gram-negative bacteria demonstrated the biocompatible nature of CDs in the used concentration ranges. The Dap molecules were anchored over the exterior surface of CDs via chemical interactions and then two different types of serum albumins were loaded on Dap–CDs complex by taking advantage of the electrostatic interactions. Furthermore, release behaviour of Dap from Dap–CDs complex at different pH conditions has been analysed. The apparent binding constant values between serum albumins with complex of Dap–CDs have further illustrated strong interaction between two components. Additionally, systematic information about the energetic of antileprosy drug–protein affinities over the surface of CDs as carried out in this work, is very important in providing detailed information for drug release behaviour.Graphical abstract

The oral pathway is the preferred drug administration route in pharmaceutical sciences, however, the most employed ‘highly active’ drug candidates suffer from poor water solubility. The aim of this study was to develop repaglinide (RL)-loaded chitosan-grafted mesoporous silica material (MSM) to enhance drug dissolution. Such enhanced dissolution was investigated in in vitro and in vivo conditions. Our results showed successful grafting of chitosan (CN) on the surface of the MSM and the loading of RL into the mesopores of the silica host. Furthermore, the obtained drug dissolution profiles were fitted to mathematical models to characterize and compare drug dissolution profiles. Cytotoxicity evaluation against the human colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) cell line showed concentration-dependent toxicity for the MSN-based particles. Various liver and kidney mitochondrial functional parameters including lipid peroxidation assay, complex II activity, mitochondrial glutathione (GSH) level assay, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, protein carbonyl level, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, were used to investigate the biosafety of the silica-based dissolution enhancer. A significant reduction in blood glucose was observed after oral administration of the biocomposites for 24 h. The histopathological studies of the kidney and liver indicated no MSM-related adverse effects. We believed that our achievements can help the use of the hybrid organic–inorganic MSMs in improving the bioavailability of PWSDs in the one hand and, on the other hand, open a novel avenue to develop biocompatible and nontoxic MSMs in oral bioavailability of PWSDs.Graphical abstract

We report a simple approach to fabricate free-standing perforated 2D nanomembranes hosting well-ordered 1D metallic nanostructures to obtain hybrid materials with nanostructured surfaces for flexible electronics. Nanomembranes are formed by alternatively depositing perforated poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) layers. Copper metallic nanowires (NWs) were incorporated into the nanoperforations of the top PLA layer by electrodeposition and further coated with silver via a transmetallation reaction. The combination of 2D polymeric nanomembranes and aligned 1D metallic NWs allows merging the flexibility and conformability of the ultrathin soft polymeric nanomembranes with the good electrical properties of metals for biointegrated electronic devices. Thus, we were able to tailor the nanomembrane surface chemistry as it was corroborated by SEM, EDX, XPS, CV, EIS and contact angle. The obtained hybrid nanomembranes were flexible and conformable showing sensing capacity towards H2O2 with good linear concentration range (0.35–10 mM), sensitivity (120 µA cm−2 mM−1) and limit of detection (7 μm). Moreover, the membranes showed good stability, reproducibility and selectivity towards H2O2.

A novel three-dimensional spherical LaFaO3/Bi2O3 heterojunction was successfully constructed through a two-step synthesis, which included a biological template method and hydrothermal synthesis. Because of the addition of different quantities of LaFaO3, the as-prepared LaFaO3/Bi2O3 composite showed different morphological structures, excitation energies, charge separation efficiencies, and degrees of photocatalytic performance. With the change in the amount of LaFaO3 added, the morphology of the LaFaO3/Bi2O3 complex changed from irregular clusters to a regular spherical structure. When the molar doping ratio of LaFaO3/Bi2O3 was 1:2, it exhibited a near-perfect 3D spherical structure with external pyknotic grooves. The results of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy indicated that the 1:2 LaFeO3/Bi2O3 catalyst exhibited the optimal charge separation efficiency. The bandgap of the prepared LaFaO3/Bi2O3 composite changed from 1.95 eV (1:2) to 2.32 eV (3:4), which were lower than that of the Bi2O3 template (2.81 eV). The 3D-spherical LaFaO3/Bi2O3 catalyst almost completely removed 50 mg L−1 of tetracycline within 90 min. Electron spin resonance and radical trapping experiments revealed that radicals were the main oxidants in the photocatalytic reaction. The construction of a 3D floral spherically structured semiconductor composite photocatalyst improved the further degradation of tetracycline.Graphical abstract

The addition of graphene oxide nano-composite is simulated and investigated for increasing the adsorption capacity of the polysulfone/polyethylene glycol polymer (PSF/PEG) by DFT methods. The graphene oxide nano-composite is the binding of poly-diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (DADMAC) chains using potassium ethyl xanthate (EX) and 2-bromo-propionyl bromide intermediates on carboxyl functional groups in nano-graphene oxide (NGO). The PSF/PEG polymer has two ends with different functional groups, which is investigated the interaction of the nano-composite (NGO-BPB-DADMAC-EX) with both ends polymer. The results show phenoxide end of PSF/PEG has a greater tendency to react with the nano-composite (Etotal = 162.991 GJ mol−1). This study simulated and calculated the proposed mechanism of removal and conversion of dye compounds (methyl red and methylene blue) by NGO-BED@PSF/PEG nano-adsorbent. Due to the presence of functionalized graphene oxide (carboxylate and ammonium groups), the nano-adsorbent has positive and negative charges, which cause the migration of hydrophilic groups to the polymer nano-adsorbent. The thermodynamic and structure parameters show nano-adsorbent of NGO-BED@PSF/PEG contain a high capacity to remove dye contaminants by adsorption, have huge potential for the remediation of pollutants. The results show that the absorption and conversion of methylene blue are more dependent on the geometric structure of the compounds and the type of atoms.Graphical abstractBy adding modified nano-graphene oxide (NGO-BED) to the nanocomposite of polysulfone/polyethylene glycol polymer (PSF/PEG), its efficiency increases. The NGO-BED@PSF/PEG can be used to remove dye compounds in environment.

Metal phosphides fabricated using metal organic frameworks (MOF) have recently been widely studied in lithium-sulfur (Li–S) battery because of the unique microstructure and electrocatalytic activity. However, the growth of MOF is very rapid and the particle size mainly focuses on micrometer, which severely limits the catalytic effect. Herein, we fabricate nanoscale MOF embedded with carbon nanotube (CNT), owing to the ultra-small CoP (25 nm, denoted as S-CoP) derived from the phosphating of MOF and unique network of CNT, the designed micro-nano structure S-CoP/CNT accelerates the conversion of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs), boosts the precipitation/decomposition processes of lithium sulfide (Li2S) and provides an effective adsorption barrier. Meanwhile, the fabricated S-CoP/CNT separator endows an ultralong dendrite-free Li deposition up to 1714 h. The Li–S battery with S-CoP/CNT modified separator can deliver an initial capacity of 1513.22 mAh g−1 at 0.1 °C, a reversibility capacity of 574.95 mAh g−1 up to 500 cycles at 0.5 °C. The satisfactory performance is also verified at a high sulfur loading of 4.2 mg cm−2 and a favorable initial capacity of 1161.8 mAh g−1 can be maintained. This study provides a facile strategy to fabricate nano metal phosphides derived from MOF for Li–S battery.Graphical abstract

The bacterial inactivation using near-infrared (NIR) light irradiation with spatiotemporal control is advantageous to deal with the emerging microbial infection and the drug resistance in the environment and health-care facilities. Here, nanoflower-like MoS2 prepared by electrolysis synthesis was functionalized with α-lipoic acid and chitosan oligosaccharide (MoS2-LA-COS) resulting in a highly biocompatible, well dispersive, and NIR photo-responsive composite. The produced nanocomposite of MoS2-LA-COS retained the nanoflower-like morphological feature, of which the hexagonal structure (2H phase) was similar with that of MoS2 according to the X-ray diffraction measurement. Moreover, the produced MoS2-LA-COS was efficiently loaded into the electrospun nanofiber membranes (ENFs) endowing the fibrous scaffold with outstanding photothermal performance. The antibacterial studies indicated a superior bactericidal effect of the formed membranes under NIR irradiation towards the inactivation of model G− Staphylococcus aureus and G+ Escherichia coli strains, which was originated from the uniform distribution of MoS2-LA-COS on the fibrous scaffold. The produced MoS2-LA-COS nanofibrous membranes of good water vapor transmission rate and improved photothermal performance possess enormous potential for the development as well as the disposal of personal protective equipment such as medical masks.Graphical abstract

Polyimide is a promising shell polymer for platinum electrodes because of good biocompatibility, excellent corrosion resistance, mechanical, thermal and chemical stabilities. Herein, hydroxyapatite (HAP) nanoparticles were coated on polyimide encapsulated platinum electrodes to overcome the adverse effects of electrical stimulation. SEM, TEM, XRD and EDS analyses indicated that the coating was homogeneous and dense consisting of nano-hydroxyapatite. The HAP/polyimide coating presented good stability under the conditions of moist heat, high temperature or high shear stress (10 dyn/cm2). Differential thermal analysis revealed that the nano-hydroxyapatite coating could significantly reduce the thermal diffusion from electrical stimulation its thermal elimination rate was about 96 times and 310 times smaller than that of polyimide encapsulated platinum electrode and bare platinum electrode, respectively. Atomic absorption spectroscopy measurement showed that the nano-hydroxyapatite coatings could prohibit the diffusion of platinum ions caused by electrical stimulation. CCK-8 test, neutral red uptake measurement and Tunel analysis revealed that the nano-hydroxyapatite coating could significantly attenuate the cytotoxicity of heavy metal ion from long-term stimulation. The in vivo biocompatibility evaluation by H&E measurement in a rabbit subcutaneous implantation model clearly showed that the nano-hydroxyapatite coating had good tissue response in 6 months. All these data supported that the nano-hydroxyapatite coating improved the biocompatibility of platinum electrodes by prohibiting thermal injury and heavy metal ions diffusion.

Magnetite@poly-p-phenylenediamine (Fe3O4@PpPD) composite modified with salicylaldehyde (SA) was fabricated as adsorbent to remove Mn (VII) from wastewater. The Fe3O4 microspheres endow the adsorbent with the ability of rapid solid–liquid separation. The PpPD with acid and alkali resistance can protect Fe3O4 from corrosion while introducing a large amount of N atoms to adsorb Mn (VII). The introduction of SA increases the specific surface area and adsorption sites of the adsorbent. The effects of pH, time and temperature on the adsorption process were studied. At pH = 2, the maximum adsorption capacity (Q) is as high as 148.34 mg g−1, which is attributed to the complexation/chelation and electrostatic interaction between amino and hydroxyl groups and Mn (VII). It is found that the adsorption process conforms to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm model. Thermodynamics studies demonstrate that the adsorption is a spontaneous endothermic process. After four adsorption cycle tests, the adsorption capacity losses only 1%. Moreover, high adsorption efficiency in river water and mixed metal ions’ solution prove that the prepared Fe3O4@PpPD-SA composite possesses excellent Q in removing Mn (VII).

Graphene and its derivatives can play a barrier strengthening role in waterborne epoxy resin (WEP) coatings. The main challenge for WEP coatings is not to maintain long-period corrosion resistance in the corrosive environments. Herein, this study reports a new strategy for providing mild steel with enhanced long-period corrosion resistance performance. Three of zinc oxide-reduced graphene oxide (ZnO-RGO) sheet hybrids were fabricated using the hydrothermal method, in the process of fabrication, varying the mass ratio between ZnO and GO as 1:3, 1:1, and 4:1, noted as Z3R, ZR, and 4ZR. The sheets can be stably dispersed into waterborne epoxy (WEP) coatings at a low weight fraction of 2%. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) test and salt spray test revealed that the anticorrosion performance was significantly improved by the addition of 4ZR into WEP coating. The anticorrosion mechanisms of the composite WEP coating were attributed to synergistic effect of chelating zinc oxide and the physical barrier protection of reduced graphene oxide.Graphical abstractIncorporation of hydrothermally synthesized ZnO-RGO nanocomposites into waterborne epoxy coating significantly enhanced the corrosion resistance of the coatings for metal protection.

Nanotechnology has encouraged new and amended materials (metal nanoparticles) for therapeutic applications with specific prominence in healthcare. Metal nanoparticles (NPs) are versatile nanoscale entities, widely used to diagnose and treat cancer. Evidence suggested that metal NPs can modulate the expression of various intracellular and extra-cellular signaling molecules in the tumor microenvironment. Metal nanoparticles possess anti-cancer activities via apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. In addition, metal NPs inhibit tumor angiogenesis, metastasis and inflammation to stop cancer proliferation. Synergistic applications of metal NPs with existing anti-cancer agents showed improvement in their bioactivity and bioavailability. This review explores the synthetic approaches, pharmacokinetics, and the cellular and molecular interactions of metal NPs in cancer.Graphical abstract

Phosphorene, a single layer of black phosphorus, is attracting interest for several applications, among which tribology. Here, we investigate its possible use as a solid lubricant for iron-based materials by comparing its friction-reduction properties with \(\hbox {MoS}_{2}\) and graphene. Through first-principle calculations, we predict that phosphorene adheres more strongly to the native iron surface than the other considered 2D materials. The higher adhesion suggests that a stable and durable coverage of reactive surface regions can be obtained with phosphorene. Furthermore, our simulation uncovers the peculiar behavior of phosphorene to exfoliate into two atomic-thin layers upon interface intercalation. This capability makes phosphorene reduce the nano-asperity adhesion very efficiently thanks to the simultaneous passivation of the surface and countersurface. These results suggest that better performances could be obtained by phosphorene than other solid lubricants at low concentrations.

As a hybrid material, metal organic frameworks (MOFs) contain unique characteristics for biomedical applications such as high porosity, large surface area, different crystalline morphologies, and nanoscale dimensions. These frameworks are assembled through the interconnection of organic linkers with metal nodes, while the engineering of an MOF for biomedical applications requires versatile linkers with acceptable symmetry. Porphyrin, as an organic linker with interesting photochemical and photophysical properties, attracted the attention of many for engineering the potent multifunctional porphyrinic metal organic frameworks (PMOFs). In this regard, a large number of approaches were conducted for designing robust practical PMOFs with a wide range of applications. In this review, we introduced another perspective of MOFs and coordination polymers constructed from porphyrinic linkers with a special focus on those synthesized by meso-tetrakis (4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin (TCPP). In the following, we summarized and discussed the different types of PMOFs and their biomedical applications in terms of diagnostic agent, therapeutic platform, and drug delivery vehicle.Graphical abstract

As the widely used ultraviolet (UV) filter, Ensulizole (ELZ), has been proven as an environmental hormone, development of useful techniques for eliminating ELZ is imperative. Since SO4·−-based oxidation technologies are promising for treating emerging contaminants, and cobalt (Co) appears to be an extremely useful catalyst for monopersulfate (MPS) activation, that would be critical to construct advantageous cobaltic catalyst of MPS activation. A unique activator would be derived from a special metal organic framework ([Co]pyrazine[Ni(CN)4]) which is carbonized to become a nanocluster comprised of CoNi alloy nanoparticles (NPs) confined in carbon nanospheres, and nanotubes, forming CoNi@Carbon (CNC). Such a CNC nanocomposite would exhibit several promising properties: (1) as Co is the extremely effective metal for MPS activation, CoNi is expected for offering superior performance for activating MPS; (2) high magnetization of CoNi alloy would equip CNC with a magnetically-controllability; (3) CoNi encapsulated in carbon is guarded to enhance its reusability; (4) the interlaced configurations of CNC also make it to show higher active sites for MPS activation. Thus, CNC exhibits a significantly stronger activating capability than Co3O4, which is the conventional heterogeneous catalyst for MPS. CNC/MPS also displays a lower activation energy (Ea) for ELZ degradation than literatures, showing advantages of CNC. Mechanisms for MPS activation and ELZ degradation were also elucidated to further understand elimination process of ELZ by MOF-derived cobaltic catalysts.

Cancer is one of the serious diseases to human life. Early and precise cancer diagnosis and timely therapy are in urgent need nowadays. Due to the advantages of porous structures and tunable properties, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are becoming type of rapidly developing and attractive supports used in biomedicine, which have been widely applied in the fields of chemistry, biology, materials science, etc. Particularly, nanoscale MOFs (nMOFs) with more accessible active sites and improved stability are ideal platforms for biological and clinical applications in vitro and in vivo. This review article summarizes the recent progresses in nMOFs based nanoplatforms for drug delivery and cancer therapy. Different techniques using nMOFs are systematically summarized including chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy (PDT), photothermal therapy (PTT), chemodynamic therapy (CDT), radiotherapy (RT), and the combined therapy methods. Finally, a brief conclusion and outlook for biomedical applications of this special field is provided. We expect this review could be helpful for future designing and fabrication of multi-functional nMOFs platforms for drug delivery, disease therapy, and other biomedical applications.

From its inception, an astonishing movement has been made in the architecture and fabrication of a fresh category of nanostructured material acknowledged as luminescent metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). Luminescent MOFs are self-assembled nanostructure by coordinating suitable metal cations or clusters and ideal organic linkers, which exhibited an abundance of merits for sensing of interest of analytes, such as chemicals, metal ions, biomarkers, etc. Herein, tunable surface morphology and diverse functionality of luminescent MOFs offer high sensitivity, high selectivity, good stability, recyclability, real-time applicability, etc. Additionally, the accessible porosity and luminescence property of nanostructured MOFs provides the transducing potential from host–guest chemistry to recognizable improvement in nanosize MOFs luminescence. Therefore, in this review article, we have summarized the nanostructured design of MOFs-based luminescent sensors for chemical and metal ions sensing. At first, the requirement of monitoring of chemical residues and metal ions exposure has been discussed that demonstrates the topical necessity for the chemical and metal ions recognition. Afterward, the current trends of MOFs-centered sensors, synthesis types, and their properties have been elaborated in brief. It revealed that several theoretical sensing mechanisms, such as electron transfer, energy transfer, ligand interaction, overlapping effect, oscillation effect, inner filter effect, decomposition, etc., are accountable for sensing of metal ions and chemical residues. The applications of nano-architectured MOFs-based luminescent sensors for chemical as well as metal ions sensing have been illustrated, which exhibit the lowest detection limit (μM–nM) for both metal ions and chemicals. Interestingly, the nanostructured MOFs relied on luminescent sensors that exhibited high sensitivity and selectivity for the chemical and metal ions in presence of diverse interfering substances. Surface functionality presented on the surface of nano-size MOFs, types of ligands, and selected metal ions provides precise recognition of real-time samples containing metal ions and chemicals. On the whole, the nanostructured design of a MOFs-based luminescent sensor will release a fresh preference for sensing of a target analyte.Graphical abstract Nanostructured metal-organic frameworks based luminescent sensor for chemical and metal ions sensing

Organophosphorous (OP) pesticides can cause many human diseases. In this study, the separation and determination of two organophosphorous pesticides (diazinon and methyl-parathion) in biological samples using solid-phase extraction method prior to their measurements by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were investigated. Herein, a new functionalized cerium-based metal–organic framework (MOF) bearing oxime moiety, denoted here UiO-66(Ce)-MO, was synthesized through two-synthetic steps from the pristine UiO-66(Ce) and then applied as an efficient porous adsorbent for the extraction of pesticides from biological samples. Various techniques including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis were used for the description of adsorbent. The optimization of variables was performed by Box–Behnken design combined with response surface methodology. The factors’ effects including pH, eluent volume (EV), sample flow rate (SF) and eluent flow rate (EF) were also examined. The optimum conditions for both compounds were pH 5.5, eluent volume 0.6 mL, SF 2 mL min−1, and EF 0.2 mL min−1, leading to 97.1% and 96.0% removal of diazinon and methyl-parathion, respectively. Under the optimum conditions, the maximum adsorption capacity was obtained 454.5 mg g−1 for methyl-parathion and 476.2 mg g−1 for diazinon. The limit of detection (LOD) was found to be 0.04 μgL−1 for diazinon and 0.06 μgL−1 for methyl-parathion. Sensitivity analysis showed that pH plays a significant role on the efficiency of both organic pollutants. Remarkably, the results showed that this adsorbent outperforms the other UiO-66(Ce) samples and is suitable for separation and determination of these organic materials from water and biological real samples (blood plasma and urine).Graphical abstract A porous oxime-functionalized Ce-MOF, UiO-66(Ce)-MO, was synthesized and applied for efficient extraction and determination of trace amounts of methyl-parathion and diazinon from water and biological samples.

Organophosphates (OPs) being the most widely used (~ 36%) pesticides, are infamous for presence of their traces in surface waters and serious health hazards to humans and animals. Hence, rapid, efficient, easy to use, and cost-effective methods must be explored for their remediation in contaminated waters. Amongst the different pesticide removal methods, adsorption is extensively used as it is economic unit process which is easy to operate and renders no residual by-product. Moreover, nano-sized adsorbents with novel physico-chemical properties may even be more effectively employed for sorptive removal of OPPs in contaminated waters. The review provides an overview of organophosphate pesticides (OPPs) in terms of usage, environmental contamination, and toxicity. Nanomaterials (e.g., carbon nano-structures, metal nanoparticles and oxides, quantum dots, and metal organic frameworks) categorized into inorganic, organic, and hybrid nanomaterials employed for adsorptive removal of OPPs from aqueous phase have been discussed. The parameters that determine their adsorption efficiency have been discussed, calculated, and compared for different nanostructures. The operating mechanisms behind adsorption of OPPs on nanomaterials are mainly electrostatic interactions, H-bonding, and Π-Π stacking (carbon-based nanomaterials), and exchange or sharing of electrons between vacant active site of nanocomposite and OPP molecules (in case of hybrid materials). Diffusion mechanism and rate-limiting steps have been explored via intra-particle diffusion model. The factors influencing the efficiency of adsorbents such as pH, temperature, adsorbent concentration, and incubation time have also been included. The review further recapitulates the details of thermodynamic studies of adsorption process which give information about the spontaneity and exothermic/endothermic nature of the process. The review concludes with summary and future prospects of sorptive removal of OPPs in water.Graphical abstractAdsorption of OPPs onto different nanosorbents via variety of interactions

The design, synthesis and characterization of a novel nucleoamino acid derivative based on an l-tryptophanamide functionalised with a thymine nucleobase (named TrpT) is here described. The novel construct’s tendency to self-assemble into supramolecular networks in aqueous solution was demonstrated by dynamic light scattering (DLS), circular dichroism (CD), fluorescence and UV spectroscopic measurements. TrpT nanoaggregates showed good stability (up to 5 h) at 140 µM and proved to comprise species of mean hydrodynamic diameter 330 nm and a homogeneous size distribution; scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis further revealed these to be spherical-shaped assemblies. The ability of TrpT nanoaggregates to bind curcumin, selected as a model anticancer drug, was also evaluated and its release was monitored over time by confocal microscopy. Molecular docking studies were performed on both TrpT self-assembly and curcumin-loaded nanoaggregates suggesting that the phytomolecule can be accommodated in the interior of the supramolecular network via hydrophobic (π−π and π-alkyl) interactions; the formation of TrpT-curcumin adducts may improve the polarity of the highly-hydrophobic curcumin with a resulting logP closer to the optimal values expected for a good drug bioavailability, as estimated by the ADMETlab software. Finally, the high stability of TrpT nanoassembly in human serum, and the absence of significant toxic effects on human model cells in a cell viability assay, were also demonstrated. Despite its thymine-based scaffold, TrpT was shown not to bind adenine-bearing nucleic acids, suggesting that this interaction is hindered by its intrinsic propensity to self-assemble in preference to forming A-T base pairings. Instead, TrpT was able to interact with a serum protein such as bovine serum albumin (BSA), known to improve the bloodstream transportation and bioavailability of its cargo. Collectively, our findings support the potential use of TrpT for the development of new drug delivery systems.Graphical abstract