Biochemical effluents of pharmaceutical wastewater contain many humic substances and small amounts of suspended matter. In this study, foam fractionation coupled with heterogeneous Fenton (FF-HF) was designed as an advanced wastewater treatment process. Using the same settings based on separate optimizations, the dissolved organic matter (DOC) removal efficiency of FF-HF was 71.6 %, 23.7 % higher than that of HF alone. In addition, a shorter reaction time (37.3 % HF) and lower cost (31.6 % HF) were required for FF-HF. Thus, FF-HF is promising for the advanced treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater. According to the organic matter removal characterization, FF can effectively remove humic substances, organic colloids, and other macroscopic or hydrophobic organic matter. The design of the pre-FF process can decrease the pollutant load of HF, which explains the enhanced performance of the coupling process.

Rational design and exploration of low-cost and robust carbocatalysts with multiple active sites for peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation towards wastewater purification is challenging. Herein, Co nanoparticles anchored N, B, F-codoped porous carbon (Co@NBFOC) was synthesized and characterized thoroughly, which displayed superior PMS activation ability due to the synergy of multiple active sites. The Co@NBFOC-3/PMS system possessed excellent methylene blue (MB) oxidation capacity over a wide initial pH applicability (4-10) and showed high tolerance for Cl−, NO3−, SO42− and humic acid, while CO32−, HCO3− and HPO42− displayed a considerable inhibiting effect on it. Moreover, the Co@NBFOC-3/PMS system could afford acceptable MB degradation performance in different water matrix and universal applicability in eliminating a variety of organic pollutants. Both free radical pathway and nonradical pathway collectively contributed to MB degradation based on scavenging experiments, EPR measurements and electrochemical analyses. Particularly, ·O2−, 1O2, surface-bonded radicals (·SO4−ads and ·OHads) and catalyst mediated electron transfer were the major contributors, followed by ·SO4−free. Metallic Co, pyridinic-N moieties, graphitic-N moieties, BCO2 moieties, CO groups, the carbon atoms adjacent to graphitic-N, defects and ionic CF moieties on Co@NBFOC-3 surfaces corporately contributed to PMS activation. The main degradation intermediates were analyzed by HPLC-MS and the possible MB degradation pathways were proposed. This work not only improves the fundamental understanding of active sites in multi-heteroatom doped carbocatalysts, but also provides some guidance for future development of high-efficient carbon-based catalysts in PMS-based advanced oxidation processes.

Improving surface chemistry of a material is important for oil/water separation. In this work, we demonstrated a simple approach that could be employed to flexibly modify the properties of steel mesh to be either hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity for oil/water separation via gravity filtration. Dip-coating method was used to form a coating layer atop the mesh. Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) were used to prepare hydrophilic coating, while poly(4-vinylpyridine) (P4VP) and triethoxy(octadecyl)silane (TEOS) were used to promote the mesh's hydrophobicity. Our findings showed that the mesh coated with PVP and PEG displayed improved surface hydrophilicity (i.e. lower water contact angle (WCA)) which led to increased water flux. Oppositely, the WCA of mesh increased from 126.4o to 135.3o and 142.5o, respectively when P4VP and TEOS were used as coating material. The PEG-coated mesh is the best filter in producing water as permeate (up to 578 L/m2.h) while the TEOS-coated mesh is excellent in transporting organic solvents (e.g., toluene, n-hexane and chloroform), achieving 999–1205 L/m2.h. The results also indicated that the modified meshes were able to attain >98 % oil/water separation efficiency with either oil or water as the permeate. The flux of modified-mesh was also stable over 20 filtration cycles and did not experience major changes after being immersed in toluene for 30 days. Our work demonstrated an alternative efficient way of treating oil/water mixture via gravity filtration in which either water or oil could be the permeate product depending on the surface properties of the mesh chosen.

A systematic aeration control strategy aiming at energy saving was proposed using a comprehensive model composing of a mass flow analysis (MFA) module, an oxygen transfer rate (OTR) module and an aeration optimization module. The model was calibrated and validated using data sets from a full-scale anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (AAO) process wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). The MFA module was extended with a detailed description of total oxygen demand (TOD). The oxygen supply was predicted considering the negative correlation between soluble COD and α factor, which quantified the dynamic effect of wastewater contaminants on aeration equipment. Energy saving potential (ESP) was assessed via model-predictive optimum air supply. After the implementation of the aeration control strategy, the ESP of the blowers was reduced from 26.3 % to 12.2 %, without worsening the overall pollutant removal. As the aeration system can respond in advance to the varying influent characteristics, model-predictive control together with sensor-based control holds promise for application in full-scale WWTPs for energy conservation.

Magnetic (CoFe2O4)x/Ag2S-ZnO composites (where x = 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1 wt% CoFe2O4) were successfully synthesised and investigated in the removal of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous medium under visible-light irradiation. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the crystallinity of the as-synthesised materials and established the average crystal size of these materials to be <8.5 nm. Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) analysis confirmed that all cobalt ferrite doped nanocomposites exhibited ferrimagnetic behavior with saturation magnetization values varying from 6.55 to 40.52 emu/g being recorded. Near complete degradation (99 %) was attained when 1 gL−1 of (CoFe2O4)0.5/Ag2S-ZnO composite was added to a 10 ppm solution of methylene blue (MB) at neutral pH for 4 h of visible light irradiation. The catalyst showed good stability, removing 93.1 % of MB dye after five reuse cycles. The composite catalyst reported in this study is therefore a promising material for large-scale water and wastewater treatment processes.

This is the first study on synthesizing a novel sulfone biscompound-based chalcone derivative and evaluating its disinfection and adsorption performance. 1,1′-((sulfonylbis(4,1-phenylene))bis(5-methyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole-1,4-diyl))bis(3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)prop-2-en-1-one) (SDHP) was synthesized via chalcone reaction. Structural analyses verified the successful synthesis of the targeted compound. The performance of the novel SDHP toward the adsorption of basic red 18 (BR18) dye was assessed via batch experiments. The effects of the independent parameters, such as initial pH (pHi) of BR18 dye solution, SDHP amount, initial concentration of BR18 dye solution, and contact time were optimized and evaluated. The results showed that the optimum BR18 removal was achieved at pHi 7 using 2 g/L of SDHP. The pseudo-second-order equation described the adsorption kinetic correctly and both Freundlich and Langmuir models can predict the isotherm data correctly. The new SDHP was more effective in BR18 adsorption than many other adsorbents, with a Langmuir's maximum monolayer coverage capacity reaching 43 mg/g. The antimicrobial and antibiofilm performance of SDHP was evaluated against Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria and unicellular fungi as ZOI, MIC, and biofilm inhibition percentage. In addition, the potential impact of the encouraged gamma irradiation effects on antimicrobial behavior was also evaluated. The antibacterial mechanism of action was assessed using the SEM imaging and microbial membrane leakage assay. The antibiofilm results indicated that, the inhibition % after adding SDHP was 78.90 %, 77.52 %, and 77.10 % against each of S. aureus, E. coli, and C. albicans, respectively. The results indicated that SDHP deactivated and disinfected a broad spectrum of bacteria and unicellular fungi.

In the treatment of wastewater containing uranium, the adsorption capacity, reusability, and industrial application of materials have traditionally been the primary areas of attention. In this work, the mixed solutions of unmodified polyacrylonitrile and polyacrylonitrile modified by hydroxylamine hydrochloride were innovatively wet spun to obtain polyacrylonitrile/polyamidoxime (PAN/PAO) fibers. The fibers had been successfully mass-produced to meet industrial demand and had a maximum adsorption capacity of 100.2 mg·g−1. The pseudo-second-order kinetic, intraparticle diffusion, liquid film diffusion, and Langmuir models can well explain the kinetics and thermodynamic process of adsorption. Furthermore, a variety of eluents such as nitric acid and tartaric acid had an excellent elution effect on PAN/PAO fibers. And the U elution rate could still reach >90 % after six adsorption-elution cycles. The PAN/PAO fibers exhibited a high removal rate of U(VI) in the presence of other coexisting cations, with a value of 95.5 %. In addition, the waste liquid produced by a fuel component factory with 270 μg·L−1 could be reduced to below 10 μg·L−1 using PAN/PAO fibers at a flow rate of 10 L·h−1 for 80 h at all times. This work presents a novel strategy for treating low-concentration wastewater containing uranium.

Carbon nanotube (CNT/PSSF) and nitrogen doped carbon nanotube membrane (NCNT/PSSF) catalysts were prepared by vapor deposition on paper sintered stainless steel fiber support (PSSF). Firstly, the properties of the two catalysts were investigated by FE-SEM, TEM, XPS, Raman, TG, FT-IR and CO2-TPD. Subsequently, the ability of the two catalysts to activate peroxymonosulfonate (PMS) to degrade phenol in a structured fixed bed was compared and the free radical quenching experiment and EPR were employed to explore the reactive oxygen species in the reaction process. The catalytic results showed that NCNT/PSSF could convert more phenol with less metal leaching. Apart from the π electrons of the carbon nano-network itself and the carbonyl group at the edge, nitrogen doping endowed more active sites for graphite domain. Pyridine nitrogen acts as a Lewis base in which lone pair electrons drive the PMS to receive electrons and generate hydroxyl radicals and sulfate radicals. After the optimization of reaction conditions, NCNT/PSSF could maintain 100 % phenol conversion in 7 h, and the average TOC conversion reached 84.0 %. In addition, about 60 % phenol could still be mineralized after three cycles. The reason for the decline of catalytic effect was the enrichment of intermediate products induced by a long time of reaction and the reduction of sp2 carbon ratio, the increase of oxygen containing functional groups and the consumption of pyridine nitrogen under high oxidation environment. This study provides a new idea for the continuous and efficient removal of phenolic pollutants.

Herein, for the first time, we have prepared mesoporous Co3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) by the ultrasound-assisted method in the presence of deep eutectic solvent (DES) for sonophotocatalytic degradation of caffeine (CAF). The porosity, crystallinity, and morphology of the as-synthesized NPs were investigated by using Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. The as-prepared NPs were applied in sonophotocatalytic, photocatalytic, and sonocatalytic degradation of CAF in low energy and low-frequency ultrasound at neutral pH. The sonophotocatalytic process was the most effective in degrading CAF, reaching about 99.5 % in less than an hour with a pseudo-first-order rate constant of 0.0902 min−1. The photocatalytic and sonocatalytic processes degraded 83.4 % and 22.7 % of CAF, respectively, with lower rate constants of 0.0288 and 0.0049 min−1. Notably, the simultaneous application of UV light and ultrasound irradiation in a sonophotocatalytic decomposition process had a positive synergy effect of about 62.64 %. The commercial tablet was degraded by the optimum sonophotocatalytic process to prove the applicability of the catalyst. The reusability test of the NPs was examined, and after four consecutive uses, the NPs had negligible fading of their sonophotocatalytic performance. Due to the excellent sonophotocatalytic performance of the NPs, it is a suitable candidate for a broad range of environmental and remediation applications.

In this study, we investigated the electrochemical oxidation of the organophosphate flame retardant tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP). The results demonstrated the effective elimination of TCPP following pseudo-first order kinetics. The degradation efficiency of TCPP attained 98.4 % and the corresponding reaction rate constant (k) was 0.0502 min−1, with the initial concentration of 1 mg/L, current density of 10 mA/cm2, and Na2SO4 of 10 mM. Quenching experiments revealed that ·OH played a vital role, with a contribution rate of 91.3 %. Environmental indicators in water significantly influenced the degradation efficiency, where Cl− had an inhibitory effect, while humic acid (HA), NO3−, and HCO3− enhanced degradation at lower concentrations. A total of six intermediates (C6H13Cl2O4P, C3H8ClO4P, C9H18Cl3O5P, C9H17Cl2O6P, C6H12ClO6P, and C3H8ClO5P) were generated through oxidation, dichlorination and hydrolysis reactions. TCPP induced cell apoptosis of Escherichia coli (E. coli), with the proportions of apoptotic cells decreasing from 33.3 % to 1.6 % after 180 min of degradation. Furthermore, the ecological toxicity was predicted to decrease during the electrochemical oxidation using ECOSAR software. TCPP did not induce the microbial community composition at the phylum level, while the bacterial abundance at genus level significantly changed. The dominant genus Methylotenera, accounting for 15.6 % in the control, decreased to 6.8 % in the presence of TCPP, and subsequently increased to 9.3 % in the 120 min products exposure groups. Electrochemical oxidation process could effectively degrade and detoxify TCPP, as well as reduce the ecological risks.

Water distribution systems (WDS) are a fundamental part of the infrastructure in our cities, for this reason increasingly capable numerical models have been developed in recent years to allow hydraulic systems be analyzed in great detail. Calibration process let get accurate and reliable information for those involved in design, operation, construction and maintenance of public WDS. In this study a calibration process is proposed using a Genetic Algorithms (GA) methodology with real number coding coupled to the Finite Element Method as hydraulic simulator GA-FEMH. The method proposed was applied to two calibration cases; one reported in literature and a real network.The results show that the proposed calibration process is reliable, and the WDS model can represent real conditions of the network according to the regulations that international organizations such as AWWA and WAA recommend. Moreover high correlation values were obtained after the calibration process, with values of R2 higher than 95 % for pressure and flow. Likewise, the FEM can be an alternative to use it as a hydraulic simulator due to its rapid convergence and its ease of integrating hydraulic accessories.

This paper detailedly investigated the efficacy and mechanism of As(V) removal by Ti electrocoagulation (Ti EC) using batch test. The Box-Behnken design method with 3 factor 3 level was used to optimize main process parameters (electrode distance, current density, and initial pH). The obtained optimal parameters for the maximum arsenic removal at 30 min were as follows: electrode distance of 9.2 mm, current density of 15.5 A/m2, and initial pH of 6.5. Initial pH had a significant impact on the arsenic removal (P < 0.01). The quadratic polynomial mathematical model was developed. Flocs characterization (TEM, XRD, XPS, FTIR, and zeta potential) combined with adsorption test were conducted for the mechanism analyses. Results showed that the flocs generated by Ti EC (rutile TiO2 as main crystalline phase) were nano-aggregates and had high reactivity. The As(V) removal mechanisms by Ti EC mainly involved flocculation, flotation, surface complexation, hydroxyl exchange, and coprecipitation. The As(V) removal efficiency of Ti EC was also investigated using real water samples (0.2 mg As/L) collected from the local lake and river waters. The corresponding As(V) removal efficiencies was up to 99.0 % and 99.2 %, respectively, within 30 min and at a CD value of 25 A/m2. This study shows that Ti EC has many advantages such as green safety, low cost, and high efficiency, thereby it is a potential water treatment technology for As(V) removal.

This study aims to fabricate a thin-film composite membrane with high water flux and low reverse solute flux for the application in a forward osmosis (FO) system. Instead of using traditional non-woven fabric or polymer materials, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) layers prepared via the vacuum filtration method to reinforce the membrane are fabricated. In this work MWCNTs are modified by the mixture of polydopamine (PDA) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to enhance the mechanical strength and hydrophilicity of the membrane, which is denoted as PVAm pCNTn. Finally, a polyamide (PA) active layer, used as molecular selection, is synthesized on the PVAmpCNTn film using the interfacial polymerization method, which is assigned as PVAmpCNTn-PA. Experimental results show that PDA and PVA improve adherence among the MWCNTs, strengthening the tolerance and increasing hydrophilicity of the membrane. Membrane performance is also affected by the amount of PVA(m) and PVA(n), and thickness can be controlled by adopting various amounts of MWCNTs suspension during the vacuum filtration process; the thinner membrane results in higher water flux because of lower flow resistance. In addition, the PVA concentration influences the pore size distribution and configuration within the membrane, as a result, affects the FO performance. The best FO performance are achieved by PVA0.25pCNT3-PA, with a water flux of 30.16 L m−2 h−1 and reverse solute flux of 9.34 g−2 h−1. The excellent FO performance and the simple process used in this study indicate the great potential of this work in the FO application.

Polydopamine-modified montmorillonite/chitosan (PDA-mMMT/CS) aerogels were synthesized through the combination of combining natural biopolymers CS and PDA-modified MMT, followed by freeze-drying. PDA-mMMT/CS aerogels overcame the poor mechanical properties of mMMT/CS aerogels, had abundant functional groups, large specific surface area, good thermal stability at low temperatures, and realized the efficient adsorption Cu(II) and Pb(II) in aqueous solution. The porous structure of aerogels offers more adsorption sites, and PDA grafting on the mMMT surface provided abundant amino and catechol groups, significantly improving the adsorption capacity. At pH = 6, the maximum amount of Cu(II) and Pb(II) adsorbed was 475.61 and 534.76 mg·g−1, respectively. These values are superior to those reported for most MMT or CS-based adsorbents. PDA-mMMT/CS aerogel mainly adsorbs heavy metal ions through chelation adsorption and ion exchange. The adsorption process is unimolecular layer adsorption and chemisorption. PDA-mMMT/CS exhibited high selective adsorption for Cu(II) and Pb(II), and the adsorption efficiency was still >86 % after 5 cycles. This work presented a green and convenient synthesis strategy based on renewable, low-cost, and environmentally friendly mMMT and CS.

Photocatalytic degradation is a promising advanced oxidation process technology for the removal of various pollutants from wastewater due to its excellent photocatalytic activity, low energy utilization, and low cost. Also, recently, magnetic-based processes attract increasing attention due to their capability and adaptability in decontamination. As a potential photocatalyst, MnFe2O4 nanoparticles have emerged as an interesting material for the degradation of numerous contaminants caused by their tolerable band gap, wide harvesting of visible light, good stability, and recyclability. This article is an unprecedented review of the state-of-the-art progress on MnFe2O4 and their composites with an emphasis in visible-light photocatalytic application towards wastewater remediation, intrinsic properties of the photocatalysts, preparation method and techniques to improve photocatalytic performance, their current prospects, and challenges in heterogeneous systems. Furthermore, their potential and practical applications of environmental technologies were discussed. The most significant findings that emerged from this study suggest that surface modifications can be performed to improve the development of multiphase photocatalysts with MnFe2O4 in the photocatalytic process due to its numerous advantages, such as synergism in the photo-Fenton process, use of sunlight as a source of irradiation, and the impairment of electron-hole recombination.

Commercial instrumentation for measurement of various wastewater treatment processes parameters is costly and time-consuming in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Long short-term memory neural network (LSTM) based soft-sensors to monitor and forecast crucial performance parameters including chemical oxygen demand (COD), NH4+ and total nitrogen (TN), which was based on lower-cost sensors dataset (e.g., dissolved oxygen, oxidation reduction potential (ORP) and suspended solids), were developed for a two-staged anoxic-oxic (A/O) process for wastewater treatment. Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to identify the essential model input features before LSTM development. With optimization of look-back periods, the proposed LSTM-based soft-sensors outperformed multiple linear regression model (MLR)-based soft-sensors for prediction of influent COD, influent NH4+, effluent COD and effluent TN. It was supported by the lower mean absolute percentage error, lower root mean squared error and higher Pearson correlation for LSTM-based soft-sensors compared to those of MLR-based soft-sensors. The overall results indicated that LSTM-based soft-sensors can achieve automated high-resolution measurement and effectively forecast the crucial performance of biological wastewater treatment, potentially lowering the capital cost for sensor installation in WWTPs.

Low-carbon source wastewater (LCSW) challenged the nutrients removal capability of traditional wastewater treatment techniques, becoming a hidden problem of eutrophic waters. Thus, a hybrid biofilm system (HBS) was developed based on corncob coupled with scrap iron for synergistic nitrogen removal and phosphorus recovery in LCSW. Corncob provided the sustainable carbon source by hydrolyzing and fermenting coupling with dissimilatory iron reduction (DIR) process, resulting in a maximum release of over 191.2 mg/L COD and supporting nitrogen removal of 83.5 % in HBS with HRT at 6 h. Meanwhile, scrap iron supported the DIR process and chemical precipitation by Fe3+ release, generating vivianite with Fe2+ for phosphate recovery (97.1 %) in HBS. By microbial community analysis, heterotrophic denitrification was the primary process for nitrogen removal, which benefitted from hydrolyzing and fermenting bacteria. After chemical precipitation, phosphorus recovery was realized by biological solubilization and DIR process, which were functioned by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Bacillus aryabhattai and Bacillus sp. X12014, etc. The DIR process was the critical driving force that coupled organics degradation with synergistic removal of N and P.

Mathematical modeling provides a reliable tool for optimal management and operation of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Accurate calibration is crucial for producing reliable results, and static calibration is a critical initial step for this purpose, ensuring enough accuracy and minimizing later difficulties. The two main areas to investigate in static calibration are the appropriate calibration process and objective function. This study proposes a three-stage methodology for static calibration of model parameters. Nine different calibration objective functions considering various target variables are investigated to evaluate how different objective functions can affect the calibration process accuracy. The proposed approach is applied in a real WWTP with a carousel oxidation ditch for secondary treatment. Benchmark Simulation Model No.2 (BSM2) is modified to be used for oxidation ditch modeling. The calibration results show less than 3 % prediction error for COD, TN, and TSS, and 6.7 % mean overall error. The validation resulted in 22.5 %, 10.6 %, and 31.5 % MARE (Mean Absolute Relative Error) for effluent COD, TN, and, TSS, respectively, indicating successful calibration. Comparing different objective functions indicates that in static calibration, the objective functions that consider more targets usually yield more accurate results in a relatively acceptable time.

In this work, a Ni foam/CNTs/Cu composite electrode was prepared via the impregnation and electrodeposition methods. The electrode enhanced the total nitrogen removal and N2 selectivity, when served as a cathode for NO3−-N reduction. SEM, EDS, XRD, and XPS characterization revealed that both CNTs and metallic copper were introduced onto the surface of the Ni foam substrate successfully. Besides, the LSV, CV, EIS and Cdl results indicated more electrochemical active sites were in the Ni foam/CNTs/Cu electrodes than in Ni foam/Cu electrodes. Under optimal preparation conditions, the Ni foam/CNTs/Cu electrode showed N2 selectivity of 68.89 % and nitrate removal rate of 96.75 % in 100 mg/L nitrate solution with Na2SO4 as electrolyte. The selectivity of N2 could be significantly enhanced by adding Cl− as electrolyte, and the nitrogen selectivity increased with the increase of Cl− concentration. At 1.25 g/L NaCl, the Ni foam/CNTs/Cu electrode could achieve >95 % nitrate and total nitrogen removal and close to 100 % N2 selectivity. The N2 selectivity of the Ni foam/CNTs/Cu electrode was 2.534 and 1.8 times of the Ni foam/Cu electrode when 0.5 g/L Na2SO4 and 0.5 g/L NaCl were used as electrolytes, respectively. Consequently, to achieve the same nitrate reduction effect, the Ni foam/CNTs/Cu electrode could reduce the amount of NaCl compared with Ni foam/Cu electrode. The electrodes were tested in 6 cycles and proved to be stable. At last, a potential mechanism of nitrate‑nitrogen removal by the electrocatalytic process was suggested.

This research article investigates the fabrication of superhydrophilic graphene-based electrospun membranes for efficient oil-water separation. The study utilizes cellulose acetate (CA) as the base material for membrane fabrication, employing an electrospinning technique followed by the electrohydrodynamic atomization of graphene oxide (GO) to enhance their hydrophilicity. The surface morphology, water contact angle, and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra of the fabricated membranes were analyzed to assess their properties. The membrane characterization techniques revealed the successful integration of GO nanosheets on the surface of the highly porous interconnected nanofibrous matrix. The modified membranes exhibited superhydrophilicity and underwater oleophobicity. The water contact angle of the optimized GO-based electrospun CA membrane was reduced from 110° to zero within 3 s. The performance of the membranes was evaluated through oil-water separation experiments using different types of oils (such as toluene, n-decane, and hexane) in water. The results demonstrated that the graphene-based optimized membranes exhibited high separation efficiency (3820 LMH), with a water permeation flux as high as 65.5 % compared to CA membranes (2308 LMH). The efficiency of separation while using all three different oils with DI water was calculated to be >99.9 %. The study provides valuable insights into the use of graphene-based membranes for oil-water separation and highlights the potential of the electrohydrodynamic atomization technique for the surface modification of membranes. The developed membranes have great potential applications in various industries, including oil and gas, chemical, and wastewater treatment.