The identification of novel anti-infective agents of synthetic and natural origin represents one of the main aims of contemporary drug discovery. In the current work, four different varieties of Nicotiana tabacum, namely, K399, SPG28, Swat No. 1, and Swat No. 2, were studied to assess the antibacterial and antifungal properties of their extracts. The extracts contain anthraquinones, alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids, tannins, resins, steroids, proteins, and carbohydrates, and the antibacterial and antifungal activities were evaluated toward four bacterial and four fungal strains. N. tabacum K399 showed the highest zone of inhibition against E. coli. Similarly, K399 showed the highest antifungal potential, as the highest zone of inhibition for the set was detected against C. albicans. Then, the underlying molecular mechanism was further investigated, and the extracts were tested for their inhibitory potential against urease, an enzyme which is conserved in bacteria and fungi. Additionally, computational tools were enrolled to assess the role of rutin and chlorogenic acid, which are among the main constituents of N. tabacum leaves, in interacting with urease through molecular docking. Combined together, the computational and experimental results support the antibacterial and antifungal potential of N. tabacum extracts, particularly, that obtained from K399 variety.

The importance and aim of this experimental study is that raw artificial anterior cruciate ligament samples were produced with various 3-D braiding constructions with various technical yarns using the 3-D braiding method. Later, it is aimed to determine the chemical bond changes between raw samples with ethylene oxide (EtO) sterilization and bio-chemical finishing samples by applying padding process and EtO sterilization processes for all samples with 3-D braiding structures, due to the cross-linking of biocompatible chitosan (CHI) with biological cross-linker glutaraldehyde (GA). The importance of this experimental study is that it is the first experimental chemical analysis in this field in the world scientific study. Padding and EtO sterilization processes were applied on all samples and compared to various technical yarns with 3-D braiding structures thanks to biocompatible CHI. Chemical analysis was interpreted for all samples. It was determined that the applied temperature, concentration, pH, yarn types, characteristic bonds in the chemical structure of the technical yarns, applied bio-chemical finishing process and EtO sterilization had effect on the formation, shifting and breaking of chemical bonds. It was determined that the yarn number, braiding geometry, braiding angle (°) and braid construction had no effect on the formation or shifting of chemical bonds. New bonds were formed thanks to CHI and GA due to their extremely reactive between 5 and 5.5 pH. They reacted quickly with Schiff base bond in all samples. CHI was ionized in all samples. It was determined that new bonds were formed in UHMWPE, PPD-T and HT PET structures. The most common bond formations were HT PET > PPD-T > UHMWPE. The reasons for these chemical structure changes in all samples depended on their chemical structures, bond types, molecular weights, reactivities, ease and speed of diffusions, crystallinities of technical yarns and all chemicals used. In order to increase the formation of new chemical bonds the pH should be between 5 and 5.5. GA concentration should be a minimum of 25% or higher. The dissolution time of CHI should be minimum 3 h or more. The dissolution process temperature of CHI should be minimum of 70°C or higher. The absorption, adsorption and chelation properties of CHI on all samples will also be evident successfully as in this experimental chemical study.

In Saudi Arabia, breast cancer is the second-most frequently identified common malignant cause of death for women. The present investigation was carried out to assess the impact of different Soxhlet solvent extracts of Annona muricata on apoptosis induction in breast cancer cells. Cell survival was estimated by post-incubation of cells with the extract for 24 h using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium (MTT) assay. Acridine orange (AO)/propidium iodide (PI) and 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining were employed to study cell apoptosis. qRT-PCR was also employed to assess apoptotic genes’ expression, such as BAX and P53 genes. The results of the MTT assay showed that the chloroform extract inhibited the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells dose-dependently. AO/PI and DAPI staining showed chromatin condensation and fragmentation. In treated cells, P53 expression significantly increased, correlated with the increase in BAX activity. The findings suggest that apoptosis may have been triggered post-chloroform extract treatment. Combining chloroform extract of A. muricata and doxorubicin at a 1:1 ratio increased the IC50 value (292.3 µg/mL). The chloroform extract of A. muricata contained a variety of substances, including diethyl carbonate (7.38%), 4-acetoxy-2,11-dodecadiene (58.13%), and hexadecanoic acid (34.48%), according to the results of the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. As a result, future research on the A. muricata chloroform extract as a potential anticancer drug could be suggested.

Juniperus phoenicea (L.) is a medicinal plant that has been used in phytotherapy as a treatment of certain pathological infections. In this context, the present work aimed to valorize the essential oil of J. phoenicea seeds (EOGP) by studying its chemical composition, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The EOGP was extracted by use of hydrodistillation and characterized by gas chromatography (GC–MS). The antioxidant power was evaluated by three methods (TAC, DPPH, and FRAP). The antimicrobial power was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC6633), Escherichia coli (K12), Bacillus subtilis (DSM6333), Proteus mirabilis (ATCC29906), Candida albicans (ATCC10231), Aspergillus niger (MTCC282), Aspergillus flavus (MTCC9606), and Fusarium oxysporum (MTCC9913). The GC/MS results revealed a total identification of 99.98% with a dominance of carvacrol (39.81%) followed by p-cymen-3-ol (34.44%) and o-cymene (13.60%). Findings showed that EOGP exhibited important antioxidant power as IC50 was determined to be 26 µg/mL for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, while EC50 was 216.34 µg/mL for ferric reducing antioxidant power and total antioxidant capacity was 720 mg AAE/g. The antimicrobial power on solid medium revealed that the inhibition diameters ranged from 11.30 ± 0.58 to 20 mm for the bacterial strains and from 9.33 ± 0.57 to 54.43 ± 0.29 mm for fungi. Notably, minimum inhibitory concentrations ranged from 18 to 19 µg/mL for bacterial strains and from 5.04 to 10.09 µg/mL for fungal strains. Overall, our results demonstrated the importance of EOGP as a source of natural antioxidant and antibacterial medicines against clinically relevant pathogenic strains.

Environmental, soil, and groundwater pollution from toxic heavy metals, as well as food safety are all global concerns nowadays. The effect of various processes viz. washing, soaking, and cooking of rice samples (ten rice varieties, 50 samples) on the concentration of essential elements and toxic heavy metals was determined using the inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry technique. The concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, and Ni were found to be below the maximum permissible levels. The range of mean concentrations of metals (mg/kg) was recorded as Al (15.495–8.151), Fe (10.358–7.499), Ni (0.399–0.176), Cu (4.518–2.615), Zn (28.635–12.880), As (0.152–0.042), Cd (0.233–0.038), Pb (0.713–0.417), Ti (2.157 > 0.521), Sn (1.406–0.016), and W (1.114–0.017) mg/kg. Pt and Ag metals were not found in all samples. Soaking rice for 2 h was one of the most successful techniques for lowering heavy metal concentrations, followed by overnight soaking, which aided in the elimination of Al, Cd, Pb, and Pb. Heavy metal exposure has a significant impact on human health. This study creates a promising view to use a simple and accurate detection method for minimizing the effect of different processing methods on the essential elements and heavy metal contents.

Oxidation is a prominent degradation route of biological molecules that produces a wide variety of degradation products through complex mechanisms and hence qualifies to be a vital pharmaceutical process. This article presents the kinetic and spectral study of the oxidation of an antimigraine drug rizatriptan benzoate (RTB) in an acid medium with the aid of a mild biocidal oxidant N-chloro-p-toluenesulfonamide, referred to as chloramine-T (CAT). The kinetic experimental studies reported here, such as fractional order dependency on RTB, pseudo-first-order dependency on CAT, negative fractional order dependency on the acid medium, independent of the rate on the ionic concentration and increasing rate with increasing dielectric constant, have led to the evaluation of stoichiometry, thermodynamic properties, and derivation of a rate equation. Effective interpretation of UV–Vis, IR, 1H and 13C NMR investigation was performed to identify and confirm the identity of the oxidation products and discuss the involved plausible mechanism. This study provides an extended insight into the products of oxidation formed during the metabolism of RTB.

The current natural extract modalities for colorectal cancer are limited. This research seeks to assess the process of extracting the plant’s bioactive constituents from Cassia angustifolia and to show the anticancer role played by the plant’s aqueous extract at 0°C by identifying the genes that alter in expression after the Cassia angustifolia treatment in colon cancer cells. The bioactive components of Cassia angustifolia extract were revealed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. The colon carcinoma cell lines (SW480) were treated with Cassia angustifolia macrophages at concentrations of 50, 150, and 200 µg/mL for 48 h. Apoptosis was examined by fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis of Cassia angustifolia-treated and -untreated cells. Microarray analysis was performed by using human microarray chips (HG-U95A) for untreated and treated SW480 cells. Microarray data were confirmed by the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The findings showed that the Cassia angustifolia aqueous extract at 0°C/24 h contained the entire absolute phenolic content of 28.43 mg/g and the entire absolute flavonoid content of 9.16 mg/g. Cassia angustifolia enhanced the hindrance of cell development and apoptosis and decreased glucose uptake. Western blot analysis showed induction in the expression of cleaved caspases 3 and 9 in SW480 cells. Microarray data identified 11 genes and 7 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) markedly altered in treated vs non-treated SW480 cells. Several of these genes have been embroiled in multiple malignancies. In conclusion, the current study provides remarkable new data for Cassia angustifolia extracted at 0°C/24 h. We discovered 7 ESTs and 11 genes that are significantly altered in the progression of SW480 cells treated with Cassia angustifolia therapy versus no treatment, with anticancer and apoptosis inducer effects.

The current work examined the therapeutic potential of 6-aminoflavone (6AF) against mouse model-based oxidative stress-driven synaptic and memory impairment caused by lipopolysaccharides (LPSs). In the brains of the experimental mice, LPS administration for 3 weeks significantly increased oxidative stress by inhibiting antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, glutathione, and upregulating lipid peroxidase. Male albino mice were arbitrarily divided into four groups including (1) Control, (2) LPS treated (250 µg/kg, for 3 weeks), (3) LPS plus 6AF treated (30 mg/kg for 2 weeks), and (4) 6AF treated (30 mg/kg for 2 weeks). Different antioxidant enzyme assays, behavior tasks, and the western blotting technique were used to test the therapeutic potentials of this 6AF. Remarkably, the dosage of 6AF significantly reversed the activities of antioxidant enzymes and reduced neuroinflammation in adult albino mice. Additionally, 6HF also improved the synapse (both pre- and post-proteins) and restored the impaired memory against LPS. In short, these findings propose that 6AF is a natural, non-toxic, and potent therapeutic agent to treat neurodegenerative diseases.

The composition and content of aroma substances in flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) will affect the quality of tobacco. To investigate the correlation between various aroma substances of K326 before and after flue-curing, and their impact on tobacco quality and diversity, this study employed the middle leaves of K326 and KRK26 as test materials. Samples were collected both before and after flue-curing for untargeted metabolomics analysis. The results of K326 showed that 584 metabolites were significantly different and there were 44 aroma-related metabolites, including alcohols, aldehydes, phenols, organic acids, etc. The analyzed aroma compounds consist of 37 known tobacco aroma substances, while 7 metabolites, previously not associated with tobacco aroma, have been identified as aroma substances in other food products. These findings suggest that these seven metabolites might may be potential tobacco aroma compounds. Further analysis showed that the content of phenols, alcohols, and aldehydes increased significantly after flue-curing, but the content of organic acids decreased. Furthermore, the analysis of KRK26 revealed a correlation between the quantity of aroma substances and the type of tobacco. These findings serve as a reference for enhancing the flue-curing process of K326 and optimizing the industrial production of cigarettes that use cured K326 tobacco leaves.

Numerous studies highlighted the impact of natural products, particularly phytosterols, in wound healing while providing less expensive alternatives to chemically synthesized drugs, with less side effects. Centaurea pumilio L. (family Asteraceae) is a rare and endangered species of genus Centaurea with few reports concerning its chemistry. Our phytochemical investigation for the non-polar fraction of its aerial parts led to the isolation and identification of the new compound (6) identified as stigmast-1,5-dien-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside along with five known sterols and triterpenes (1–5) identified as taraxasterol, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol glucoside, and stigmasterol-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside. Structures of the isolated compounds have been characterized using 1D, 2D NMR, and mass spectral analyses. The cell viability and proliferative activity of the isolated compounds were evaluated using an MTT assay on cultured human primary umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). None of the compounds exhibited any sign of cytotoxicity. Nonetheless, compounds 5 and 6 moderately enhanced the HUVEC cell growth by 14 and 16%, respectively, at the maximal tested dose (50 µg/mL). As inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3-β (GSK3-β) enzyme is important to enhance the wound healing process; therefore, molecular docking was performed to understand the possible interactions between bioactive compounds 5 and 6 and GSK-3β binding pocket active amino acid residues. Both compounds were able to bind to the substrate‑binding site of GSK-3β and potentially interact with the key active site residues, forming strong π and hydrogen interactions with the catalytic site residues, revealing lower binding energy (−7.185 and −6.303 kcal/mol, respectively) than that of indirubin-3-monooxime (−5.303 kcal/mol); thereby representing strong natural replacements candidates for GSK-3β inhibitors.

Colorectal cancer remains a challenging medical issue worldwide, and utilizing natural products and plants to produce novel, effective and safe therapies against this disease is continuously a sought-after strategy. Fruit and leaf extracts of Pithecellobium dulce (P. dulce) showed potential anticancer properties as they induced apoptosis of breast cancer and Dalton’s lymphoma ascites cells. Thus, the main objective of the current study is to determine whether the seed extract of P. dulce will affect apoptosis, cell cycle, migration, and inflammation of LoVo colorectal cancer cells. The high-resolution liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry was used to determine the chemical composition of the P. dulce seed extract, which revealed the presence of 35 phytochemicals. The findings of this study indicated a significant cytotoxic effect of seeds of this plant in colorectal cancer characterized by induction of apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and reduction of migration. In addition, the seed extract suppressed several genes that are essential for cancer progression such as MMP2, MMP9, and IL-8, and, on the other hand, upregulated pro-apoptotic genes such as BAX and P53. This study has established P. dulce as a potential and valuable source for providing future therapies against colorectal cancer and other cancers.

Aircraft engines such as gas turbines and detonation engines have very important attention by the researchers in the last decades. However, using detonation engines for producing electrical and heat power was not researched efficiently. In this study, gas turbine and pulse detonation engines cogeneration systems were analyzed and compared by using first and second laws of thermodynamics and exergy analysis method. Three different cycles, namely, basic gas turbine, Zeldovich–von Neumann–Döring (ZND) detonation engine and steam injected regenerative ZND detonation engine cogeneration systems were investigated. The performance analyses and the advantage of these three cycles were obtained and discussed. The performance analyses were done for different compression ratios (r), and the combustion outlet temperatures and pressures, exergy efficiencies, specific fuel consumption, electrical efficiency, exergy fuel consumption, electrical heat rates and other performance parameters of the three cycles were obtained and discussed. It is found that gas turbine cogeneration systems have some advantages and disadvantages in some conditions than ZND cycle. The steam injected regenerative ZND detonation engine cogeneration systems can compete with the Brayton cycle cogeneration systems.

The polyphenolic composition of the same variety of winter jujube was determined using ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS). A metabolomic approach was employed to determine polyphenols at different developmental stages (S1, S2, and S3). The total phenolic content of Chinese jujube was quantified, and the metabolites were statistically analyzed using orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) for differential metabolite screening and clustering analysis of key components. The findings revealed that 128 polyphenolic components of Chinese jujube had been identified. Different developmental periods could not be clearly distinguished in principal component analysis, and there was a crossover between S2 and S3 stages. In contrast, the OPLS-DA score plot could effectively distinguish between samples of different developmental periods, and its differential metabolites could be visualized by a volcano plot based on OPLS-DA. Ten phenolic differential metabolites in different developmental periods were clustered and analyzed, among which N′-p-coumaroylguanidinium, N-p-coumaroylbutylamine, caffeoyl guanidinium, N-feruloyl guanidinium, pianoside, isorhamnetin 5-O-hexoside, isorhamnetin O-acetyl-hexoside, quercetin, and lignan O-hexosyl-O-pentoside were higher in the S1 period and chrysoeriol 6-C-hexoside was higher in the S2 and S3 periods. In this study, the differences in jujube polyphenols were elucidated, which provided scientific guidance for the application of jujube polyphenols.

The radiation attenuation characteristics of WO3-Li2O-ZnO-P2O5 glasses have been examined using Phy-X software. The linear attenuation coefficient is correspondingly increased with the inclusion of WO3, which indicates the existence of a reducing tendency in the photon transmission correlating with an increment in the WO3 content in the glasses. When density is increased, there is a considerable reduction in the half-value layer (HVL), which is most noticeable between 80 and 100 keV. Because the HVL reaches high values at 100 keV for the samples, it can be deduced that the HVL steadily increases as the energy increases. Additionally, increasing the amount of WO3 in the glasses causes the mean free path (MFP) to decrease. The MFP for the glasses was compared with that of different heavy concretes, and the comparison demonstrated that the chosen systems have the potential to be used for the fabrication of protection masks that are utilized during diagnostic radiation treatment. We determined the ratio between the tenth value layer for the free-WO3 sample and the sample with 10 mol% and we found that the ratio is higher than 1, which suggests that the tenth value layer is decreased with the addition of WO3 to the glasses.

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that destroys the bones and soft tissues that support the tooth as a result of inflammatory reactions. YKL-40 is an inflammatory marker associated with inflammation and is also associated with periodontal diseases. Moringa oleifera (MO) is a plant rich in high nutritional values, minerals, vitamins, and other essential phytochemicals. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of MO administration on serum YKL-40 levels in an experimental periodontitis model. In the study, a total number of 24 female Wistar albino rats, which were 4–5 months old with a body weight of 275 ± 25 g, were used. Animals were divided into three groups. 1st group: Control (n = 8), 2nd group: periodontitis group (PG) (n = 8), 3rd group: Periodontitis group (PG + MO) with an additional 200 mg/kg/4 weeks MO (n = 8). In the PG and PG + MO were formed experimental periodontitis model. Compared to the PG, the decrease in the interleukin-6 (IL-6) and YKL-40 values in the PG + MO (p < 0.05, p < 0.05) was found to be significant in terms of statistical evaluation. As a result, MO decreased YKL-40 levels in the experimental periodontitis model. Although further research is needed, drugs containing MO can be used in the treatment of periodontal diseases.

Austenitic stainless steels (SSs) are commonly used as in-core and surrounding structural materials in today’s industrial BWR and PWR systems. Such adaptable steels have also been the primary materials studied and used in several advanced nuclear reactor technologies, such as fast breeding and magnetic fusion reactors. In this study, some critical material properties, such as structural, physical, and radiation-shielding properties of REX-734 and 316L SS, were experimentally evaluated and compared to those of a number of other alloys. In addition to homogeneous element distribution, both alloys exhibit strong crystal orientation. The REX-734 alloy has a tensile strength of 1,259 MPa, whereas the 316L SS alloy has a tensile strength of 495 MPa. Moreover, nitrogen in the REX-734 alloy formed ultra-hard nitrides with Cr, Nb, and Si and precipitated into the structure and increased the strength. According to our findings, the mass attenuation coefficient values of the 316L SS sample were slightly higher than those of the REX-734 sample at all energies. It can be concluded that the REX-734 sample, with its exceptional strength qualities and excellent radiation attenuation capabilities, may be a viable nuclear power plant material for future investigations.

In this study, the X-ray shielding competence of the 15Bi2O3 + 75H3BO2 + 10Sm2O3, 15Bi2O3 + 75H3BO2 + 10Nd2O3, and 15Bi2O3 + 75H3BO2 + 10CeO2 glasses was investigated using the Phy-X/PSD simulation software and validated using the XCOM simulation software. The Sm3+-doped bismuth-borate glass gave the highest linear attenuation coefficients and effective atomic number, and the lowest half-value layer, tenth-value layer, and mean free path. Thus, it is the most effective radiation shielding material compared to the Nd3+- and Ce4+-doped bismuth-borate glasses. It was also observed that the Sm3+-doped bismuth-borate glass also has better radiation-shielding competence than various glass systems that have been recently investigated in the literature.

This study aimed to examine the anti-diabetic effects of an unexplored medical plant Sorbaria tomentosa Lindl. Rehder using in vitro and in vivo approaches. The extracts were tested as inhibitors of α-glucosidase and α-amylase following standard protocols. Methanolic extract was analyzed via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for tentative identification of the secondary metabolites. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of several compounds. α-Amylase was more potently inhibited by chloroform and methanolic extracts (27 and 40 µg mL−1, respectively), whereas α-glucosidase was more potently inhibited by methanolic extract (IC50 = 530 µg mL−1). Methanolic extract was also subjected to in vivo studies using an alloxan-induced diabetes rat model. Diabetic animals treated with 150 mg kg−1 body weight dose of methanolic extract cause a steady decrease in blood glucose levels (529.16, 446.66, 348.00, 269.33, and 165.5 mg dL−1, respectively, on days 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28). At 300 mg kg−1 dose, the blood glucose level was decreased to 111.83 mg dL−1 on day 28. Blood biochemistry results indicated that treatment with methanolic extract normalized the elevated parameters including cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, serum creatinine, blood urea, uric acid, serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, and aspartate aminotransferase in diabetic animals.

The potentials held by stimuli-responsive polymers in wound dressing have led to the present research in formulating a hydrogel base formulation with polymers having pH and thermo-sensitivity. Thus, hyaluronic acid (pH-sensitive polymer), and Pluronic F-127 (thermo-sensitive polymer) with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (mucoadhesive polymer) were incorporated to obtain an in situ hydrogel containing gentamicin and naringenin (NAR). The optimization of the stimuli-responsive formulation was performed by the Box–Behnken statistical design to acquire variable parameters that influence the gelling temperature and viscosity. Thermo-gravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy were performed to confirm the suitability of incorporating the selected polymers with drugs. The optimized formulations (blank and drug-loaded) were found to possess satisfactory characteristics of gelling temperatures (30–33°C), viscosities (174 ± 3 to 184 ± 4 cP), and mucoadhesive properties (0.29 ± 0.01 to 0.31 ± 0.01 N) with a spray diameter of 16.8 ± 1.4 to 18.9 ± 1.2 cm2 to facilitate the application at the wound environment. The in vitro drug release study depicted a sustained release profile over a time frame of 8 h with a cumulative release of 56.18 ± 4.59% NAR. The drug-containing in situ hydrogels showed superior potency by producing a larger zone of inhibition (2.03 ± 0.12 cm). Furthermore, a cytotoxicity study of the developed formulations in HaCaT cells revealed no toxicity of the drug-loaded formulations when compared to the blank hydrogel. These findings indicate the potential of the in situ hydrogel as an effective wound dressing for chronic wounds; however, additional investigation is needed for further implementation.

Inductively coupled plasma and microwave digestion are used in this article to analyze various food matrices. Different natural herbs are used in the recipes for the food items that the people of the Middle Eastern part of the world eat; they use these herbs as spices in different proportions. The study examines the potential effects on human health associated with consuming trace and toxic elements, such as Ni, Mn, Pb, Cd, Fe, Zn, Ca, Mg, K, and Na. The targeted spices include sumac, za’atar, black lemon, cumin seed, and kabsa powder; these were used in a variety of recipes for the food items the people of Saudi Arabia eat but not limited to fattier, kabsa, tabbouleh, humus, haysa Al tumreya, and other traditional foods. The herbs were collected from the Saudi Arabian market. For microwave digestion, Merck's ultra-pure nitric acid and 30% hydrogen peroxide were used. For elemental analysis, a highly sophisticated technique of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was applied. The average potassium values in black lemon (Loomi), kabsa powder, cumin seed, za’atar, and sumac were 1,283, 1,248, 1,739, 500, and 500 mg/100 g, respectively. These spices help fulfill the human body’s daily requirements of elemental content.