Objectives: An autoimmune-mediated dermatological ailment featuring recurrent episodes is acknowledged as psoriasis. Around the world, 2–3% of people suffer from this autoimmune skin condition. The primary goal of the current review is to analyse and determine the effectiveness of conventional and emerging nano technological strategies to alleviate psoriasis and discuss future perspectives. Evidence acquisition: A thorough search of numerous electronic databases, including Science Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar, Clinical Trials, Google Patents, Research Gate, and PubMed, yielded all the data used in this review paper about the management of psoriasis via various anti-psoriatic agent and nanotechnology approaches. Keywords such as topical, liposomes, niosomes, micro needles, clinical trials, patents, pathogenesis, biosimilars, cytokines, and other pertinent words were investigated. Results: Nano technological approaches are gaining prominence since they enable targeted delivery, rapid onset of action with limited systemic exposure. Researchers have investigated innovative, alternative therapeutic approaches that are both secure and efficient for treating psoriatic conditions. Further, the potential role of numerous psoriatic conventional therapies has been explored. The patents granted or in process to address psoriasis via topical route have been well explored. Modern nanotechnology has made it possible for pharmaceuticals to be delivered with improved physical, chemical, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic qualities. Despite extensive research complete cure for psoriasis is hampered. Conclusion: Relying on the extensive literature review, it can be inferred that nanoparticles based novel delivery strategies have the possibility of enhancing the pharmacological activity and eliminating or resolving problems associated with this ailment. The different drug delivery systems available for the treatment of psoriasis along with the clinical trials in different stages, patents in process and granted, the commercialized status of therapeutic molecules, and the future of research in this area have been thoroughly reviewed.

Background: Currently, cancer is still a significant disease that seriously endangers human health. Therefore, advanced diagnostic technology and treatment protocols are urgently needed. The rapid development of nanotechnology is expected to provide new ideas for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Objective: The research aims to comprehensively demonstrate the hotspots of nanotechnology applications in cancer. Methods: In this study, an International Patent Classification codes co-occurrence network is constructed to visualize the technology landscape by simultaneously locating and ranking technologies that play an integral role in nanotechnology diffusion and bridging in the field of cancer. In addition, community identification and topic modeling highlight the latent topics in patent documents. Results: The visualization results of the patent network yield five main clusters: Cluster 0 is a nanoparticle composition delivery system with liposomes as the primary carrier. Cluster 1 is mainly represented by nano-immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Cluster 2 is nano phototherapy based on photodynamic therapy and photothermal therapy. Cluster 3 is diagnostic imaging involving nanotechnology. Cluster 4 is a drug delivery system with nanovesicles and albumin nanoparticles as carriers. Conclusion: It was found that carriers represented by liposomes, vesicles, and albumin nanoparticles are essential nanomaterials in the current anticancer drug delivery systems. Integrating next-generation immunosuppressants and nanotechnology will become an important development direction for future immunotherapy. Organic/inorganic nanomaterials are pivotal in cancer imaging diagnosis and phototherapy.

Aims and Objectives:: The current work aims to provide a complete sojourn on gastro-retentive drug delivery system (GRDDS) along with formulation methods, polymer selection, and in vitro/ in vivo challenges with finished dosage forms Materials and Methods:: Ideally, a biopharmaceutical-hindered drug has a rapid clearance and erratic bioavailability due to its low aqueous solubility and permeability. Additionally, it also suffers from high first-pass metabolism and pre-systemic gut wall clearance. Gastro-retentive drug delivery systems have become an emerging technology where newer methodologies and scientific approaches have been used to provide the controlled release of drugs and provide a protective mechanism in the stomach. By the virtue of utilizing GRDDS as a dosage form, these formulations increase Gastroretention time (GRT) which prolongs the controlled release of the drug in the dosage form. Results and Discussion:: GRDDS contribute to increased drug bioavailability and targeting at a site of action, which enhances therapeutic action and offers significant patient compliance. Furthermore, the present work also highlighted the critical role of polymers in favoring drug retention across GIT with the mechanism of gastro-retention and recommended concentration ranges. The emerging technology is also highlighted by the approved drug products and patented formulations in the recent decade which is depicted in a justified manner. Conclusion:: GRDDS formulations have demonstrated clinical efficacy, which is supported by a compilation of patents for cutting-edge innovations in dosage forms that can be held in the stomach for an extended period of time.

: Neurological disorders (ND) have affected a major part of our society and have been a challenge for medical and biosciences for decades. However, many of these disorders haven't responded well to currently established treatment approaches. The fact that many active pharmaceutical ingredients can't get to their specified action site inside the body is one of the main reasons for this failure. Extracellular and intracellular central nervous system (CNS) barriers prevent the transfer of drugs from the blood circulation to the intended location of the action. Utilizing nanosized drug delivery technologies is one possible way to overcome these obstacles. These nano-drug carriers outperform conventional dosage forms in many areas, including good drug encapsulation capacity, targeted drug delivery, less toxicity, and enhanced therapeutic impact. As a result, nano-neuroscience is growing to be an intriguing area of research and a bright alternative approach for delivering medicines to their intended action site for treating different neurological and psychiatric problems. In this review, we have included a short overview of the pathophysiology of neurological diseases, a detailed discussion about the significance of nanocarriers in NDs, and a focus on its recent advances. Finally, we highlighted the patented technologies and market trends, including the predictive analysis for the years 2021-2028.

: The ever-increasing applications of cyclodextrin and cyclodextrin-based nanosponges in formulation development has gained much attention from researchers towards needed research in this arena. Nanosponges are three-dimensional nanoporous versatile carriers, in the pharmaceutical research field on account of their capability, to encapsulate lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs both in their crystalline structure by inclusion and non-inclusion phenomenon. This review sheds light on the advancements made in this field with regard to their synthesis while zooming in on the utilization of two novel energies (Microwave and ultrasonic) in accomplishing this goal and its future thereof. Microwave and ultrasound-assisted manufacturing of cyclodextrin-based nanosponges (CD-NS) has been found superior to conventional heat-dependent methods due to rapid/homogenous heating and fast kinetics, which ultimately provide the final product with high yield and crystallinity relatively rapidly. The review article also defines several facets of microwave and ultrasound-assisted nanosponge synthesis including the synergism of microwave and ultrasonic energy and the theories behind them. This hitherto unexplored microwave-ultrasonic coupling technology could be a future technology to synthesize CD-NS with a better outcome. In the recent past, these novel energy processes have been used successfully in material synthesis at an industrial scale, due to their swift and streamlined synthesis attributes. Likewise, these wave-assisted methods have the full potential to materialize the concept of CD-NS from lab scale to industrial scale as a competent and versatile drug carrier, having all the prerequisite characteristics, for commercialization.

: Tuberculosis (TB) is considered to be a significant health problem caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is one of the second-deadly infectious disease rights after AIDS. Several factors such as poor patient compliance, high dose intake, low drug bioavailability and prolonged treatment of disease are responsible for the prevalence of multi-drug resistance tuberculosis and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis cases. Therefore, the development of such drug-resistant bacterial strains has created a robust and efficient system that can improve the therapeutic effectiveness of anti-tubercular drugs. This review manuscript highlights the therapeutic outcomes of nanotechnology-based drug delivery system in treating TB. Various novel nanoformulations for anti-mycobacterial drugs have been explored. Such novel approaches would have shown several advantages such as sustained/controlled drug release, reduced dose frequency, resolved poor patient compliance over many free anti-tubercular drugs. This framework will provide valuable information on various nanoparticle-based technology employed in treating infectious disease, TB.

Background: To achieve a target-based drug delivery with minimal side effects, novel drug delivery systems are being continuously explored. Vesicular systems are one such system that can ameliorate the bioavailability of the encapsulated drug by delivering the drug at the targeted site and can minimize the side effect. Objective: The objective of this review is to provide a vivid description of glycerosomes and their applications. Glycerosomes are sphere-shaped versatile vesicles consisting of one or more phospholipid bilayers similar to liposomes but contain a high concentration of glycerol, which modifies the liposome bilayer fluidity. Glycerosomes can encapsulate both hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs, which makes them the promising vehicle in the field of drug delivery. Conclusion: Most of the glycerosome formulations prepared were targeted for topical delivery and in particular, a cutaneous route where they have shown promising results. These vesicles are biocompatible and due to the high glycerol concentration, they have improved spreadability and penetrability. It is therefore imperative to explore the other topical routes such as ocular, vaginal, nasal, and rectal for delivery of drugs.

Background: Controlled drug release and site-specific delivery of drugs make nanocapsules the most approbative drug delivery system for various kinds of drugs, bioactive, protein, and peptide compounds. Nanocapsules (NCs) are spherical shape microscopic shells consisting of a core (solid or liquid) in which the drug is positioned in a cavity enclosed by a distinctive polymeric membrane. Objectives: The main objective of the present study is to elaborate on various formulation techniques and methods of nanocapsules (NCs). The review also spotlights various biomedical applications as well as on the patents of NCs to date. Methods: The review was extracted from the searches performed using various search engines such as PubMed, Google Patents, Medline, Google Scholars, etc. In order to emphasize the importance of NCs, some published patents of NCs have also been reported in the review. Results: NCs are tiny magical shells having incredible reproducibility. Various techniques can be used to formulate NCs. The pharmaceutical performance of the formulated NCs can be judged by evaluating their shape, size, entrapment efficiency, loading capacity, etc., using different analytical techniques. Their main applications are found in the field of agrochemicals, genetic manipulation, cosmetics, hygiene items, strategic distribution of drugs to tumors, nanocapsule bandages to combat infection, and radiotherapy. Conclusion: In the present review, our team made a deliberate effort to summarize the recent advances in the field of NCs and focus on new patents related to the implementation of NCs delivery systems in the area of some life-threatening disorders like diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases.

Background: Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) are the most promising lipid-based drug delivery utilized for enhancing the solubility, bioavailability, and therapeutic efficacy of poorly water-soluble molecules. Azelnidipine (AZN) is a calcium channel blocker widely recommended for the treatment of high blood pressure but its activity is restricted due to high lipophilicity and poor solubility in the GIT. The current research focused on the development of the SLN of AZN and thereby improving the absorption, bioavailability, and therapeutic efficacy in hypertension which is a leading cause of death worldwide. Recent patents on SLN was available as U.S. Patent,10,973,798B2, U.S. Patent 10,251,960B2, U.S. Patent 2021/0069121A1, U.S. Patent 2022/0151945A1. Methods: SLN was developed by hot melt emulsification and ultrasonication method using glyceryl monostearate (GMS) as solid lipid and Poloxamer 188 as a surfactant for the stabilization of colloidal dispersion. Results: Box-Behnken model was utilized which predicted 13 batches in which concentration of GMS (X1), Poloxamer 188 (X2) and sonication time (X3) were considered as independent parameters. The particle size (Y1) and entrapment efficiency (Y2) were dependable parameters and optimized batch F2 showed a particle size of 166.4 nm, polydispersity index of 0.40 and zeta potential of -13.7 mV. The entrapment efficiency was observed at 86.21 %. FTIR spectra confirm the identity and compatibility with the formulation components. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) confirmed the absence of melting point and interpreted that AZN was entirely incorporated in the lipid matrix and transformed from crystalline to amorphous form. The ANOVA for the particle size (p-value: 0.0203), % EE (p-value: 0.0271) was found significant. The in-vitro drug release showed a sustained release pattern for about 12 h. The AZN-loaded SLN was lyophilized and intended for oral delivery. Conclusion: AZN-loaded SLN was developed by the hot melt emulsification method which accelerated the solubility and bioavailability and released in a sustained manner for treating hypertension.

Background: Recently, nano-drug delivery systems have become an integral part of the most novel drug delivery systems and have gained considerable importance owing to various advantages such as carriers for poorly soluble drugs, targeting molecules at the desired site, protection from degradation etc. Objective: One of the most studied areas of nanotechnology is nanosponges. The objective of this review was to extensively summarize the various strategies for the preparation, characterization and applications of nanosponges. Methods: In the current mini-review, we conducted a systemic search of the literature and patent inventions focusing on nanosponges. The summary of the search was inclusive of various aspects of nanosponges, such as drug characteristics to be considered while incorporating in nanosponges, other crucial additives during formulation of nanosponges, methods of preparation, characterization and applications of nanosponges in pharmaceuticals. Results: Nanosponges are nanocarriers for both lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs. These are prepared by different methods such as emulsion-solvent evaporation, solvent method, melting method, ultrasound assisted method etc., and all these methods were less time consuming, more economical and evaluated by sophisticated techniques available for routine analysis. These are among the most feasible alternative to address several formulation difficulties associated with the physicochemical properties of the drug. The porous nature and small particle size are vital properties of the nanosponges that contribute crucially to correcting the drawbacks of the drug. The properties of the nanosponges can be enhanced when combined with cyclodextrins. Extensive research work has been carried out in past to explore cyclodextrin based nanosponges. Besides, it is also used for smart targeting of tumors and for drug release in a sustainable pattern. Nanosponges can be prepared by simple methods. These can be tuned to release the drug by different routes so as to achieve the maximum benefits of the drug. Conclusion: Huge amount of research has been carried out on nanosponges as drug carrier. The method of preparation and characterization of nanosponges are quite economical and routinely available. Owing to potential benefits and probable applications, these can be used as efficient carriers for certain drugs. The authors expect that the current review will guide the investigation of the nanosponges as nanodrug delivery systems.

COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has been expanding. SARS-CoV caused an outbreak in early 2000, while MERS-CoV had a similar expansion of illness in early 2010. Nanotechnology has been employed for nasal delivery of drugs to conquer a variety of challenges that emerge during mucosal administration. The role of nanotechnology is highly relevant to counter this “virus” nano enemy. This technique directs the safe and effective distribution of accessible therapeutic choices using tailored nanocarriers, as well as the interruption of virion assembly, by preventing the early contact of viral spike glycoprotein with host cell surface receptors. This study summarises what we know about earlier SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV illnesses, with the goal of better understanding the recently discovered SARS-CoV-2 virus. It also explains the progress made so far in creating COVID-19 vaccines/ treatments using existing methods. Furthermore, we studied nanotechnology- based vaccinations and therapeutic medications that are now undergoing clinical trials and other alternatives.

Background: Around 1.5 billion people in the world were affected by complex neurological disorders and the figure is increasing alarmingly due to unsatisfactory clinical outcomes. To date, no conventional formulation is able to show a promising effect on the control or prevention of neurodegeneration. However, Nano delivery tools have shown better penetration and profound action on the targeted area of the brain. Methods: Although existing Nano therapeutic approaches are abundant but would not reach the clinic due to their improper bioavailability, BBB restricts its entry and causes improper biodistribution, so it’s a challenge to use certain bioactive as a potential therapy in neurodegenerative disorders. Hybrid nanocarriers are nano-vesicular transported systems, which could be utilized as carriers for the delivery of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds. Available patents on nanodelivery for therapeutic approach will also include in this review. Results: Hybrid Nano delivery system may provide good stability to polar and nonpolar compounds and improve their stability. Conclusion: This manuscript updates the available findings on the Nano vesicular system to deliver drugs for neurodegenerative disorders.

Backrounds: In our study, a nanoparticle liposome molecule with patent application number TR2021004032 was used, and the Minimum Inhibitor Concentration (MIC) was found to be 1562 ppm. According to the ASTM F 1980 standard, it has been determined that the nanoparticle liposome solution kept at 37 days and 55 oC in return for one-year stability preserves its effectiveness. Our study aimed to show that the newly developed solution maintains its effectiveness for a long time. Methods: In this study, a nanobubble ozone liposome solution containing 2% ZnCl2 was used. The aging tests were conducted according to the ASTM F 1980 [1] standards. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) level of the nanobubble ozone liposome solution with 2% ZnCl2 was determined as 1.562 ppm for strains of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) by the CLSI M07 A9 [2] standard test method. To assess the time-dependent antibacterial effect of the nanobubble liposome solution with 2% ZnCl2, the solution’s efficiency at a concentration of 2000 ppm and for different time intervals was tested on strains of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica (ATCC® 14028™) and Listeria monocytogenes (ATCC® 7644™). Results: The results showed that the antibacterial activity of the strains of S. enterica subsp. enterica started at the end of the 10th minute and the solution was effective after 30 minutes. For strains of L. monocytogenes, it was observed that the activity started at the end of the 2nd minute and the product was effective after the 10th minute. According to the ASTM F 1980 standards, it was found that the nanobubble ozone liposome solution retained its effectiveness in one-year stability tests. Conclusion: As a result, the nanoparticle liposome solution, a new product, does not lose its stability and effectiveness for a long time, contrary to what is known. Although the half-life of gaseous ozone is as short as 20 minutes, the stability in the nanoparticle liposome solution has been determined as at least one year. Since nanoparticle liposome solution is a natural and slow-release product, nanobubble ozone liposome solution with 2% ZnCl2 may be used as a newly developed agent against contaminations in food processing facilities caused by biofilm-forming microorganisms through the use in disinfections of surfaces that are in direct contact with food products.

Background: Metallic nanoparticles (NPs), in general, are able, due to the high surface area per unit volume, to absorb the maximum incoming light flux through the vicinity of plasmonic structures and then provide local heating. Thus, silver (Ag) NPs has been used to generate heat and increase the temperature of water from solar radiation energy. The optimal plasmonic heating generation can be obtained as soon as the wavelength of the light source is close to the plasmonic resonance wavelength of Ag NPs. Objective: Ag NPs have been fabricated through a straightforward, cheap, as well as environmentally friendly approach. In this study, Salix babylonica L., weeping willow leaf extract has been utilized as a reducing, capping, and stabilizing agent, without using any other toxic materials. The importance of this study lies in the generation of hot electrons, which can be obtained by collecting the solar spectrum near the infrared and infrared regions, which cannot be obtained by the conventional photocatalytic devices. Methods: Numerous characterization techniques such as; UV-Vis, FT-IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis were used to study the optical, chemical, structural, morphological, properties of the Ag NPs. Results: The impact of pH on the properties of Ag NPs and their performance to generate heat during solar irradiation have been investigated intensively. This study showed that the synthesized Ag NPs with pH value 12 is the optimum condition and can increase the temperature of water dramatically. Conclusion: An evaluation of the current patents displays that the field of green synthesis Ag NPs utilizing plant extracts is a vital field and produces rather stable, safe and effective Ag NPs. The novelty of this patent is that Ag NPs can be synthesized from a one-pot reaction without using any exterior stabilizing and reducing agent, which is not conceivable by means of the existing processes. This study, also, is rare and distinctive, and it demonstrates that even a slight quantity of the Ag NPs is significantly raising the temperature of water effectively.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a life-threatening metabolic syndrome, but patient compliance is poor due to the pain and inconvenience caused by the subcutaneous injection of insulin and other macromolecular diabetic therapies. Current challenges in DM management are to optimize the use of available therapies and reduce complications. For clinical improvements, future therapies need to be easier to use, achieving tighter glycemic control, better safety profiles, and reduced manufacturing costs. The medical applications of nanotechnology are enormous and have been proven to be the best approach to improve compliance and clinical efficacy by overturning biopharmaceutical obstacles. Nanoformulations enhance the properties of conventional drugs and are specific to the targeted delivery site. The aim of the present review is to provide an overview of the application of nano-formulations in diabetes management. We analyze the current state of most of the available approaches which are in various stages of research and development. Herein, we review the developing role of nanotechnology in diabetes management and focus on the technologies that we feel are most likely to have an impact.

Introduction: Applications of Organic Thin Film Transistor (OTFT) range from flexible screens to disposable sensors, making them a prominent research issue in recent decades. A very accurate and exact pH sensing determination, including biosensors, is essential for these sensors. Methods: In this present research work, authors have proposed a nanomaterial-based OTFT for future pH monitoring and other biosensing applications. This work presents a numerical model of a pH sensor based on Carbon Nano Tubes (CNTs). Sensing in harsh conditions may be possible with the CNTs due to their strong chemical and thermal resilience. This research work describes the numerical modeling of Bottom-Gate Bottom-Contact (BGBC) OTFTs with a Semiconducting Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube (s-SWCNT) and C60 fullerene blended active layer. Result: The design methodology of organic nanomaterial-based OTFTs has been presented with various parameter extraction precisely its electrical characteristics, modeled by adjusting the parameters of the basic semiconductor technology. For an active layer thickness of 200 nm, the drain current of the highest-performing s-SWCNT:C60 -based OTFT structure was around 4.25 A. Conclusion: This allows for an accurate representation of the device's electrical characteristics. Using Gold (Ag) Source/Drain (S/D) and back-gate electrodes as the medium for sensing, it has been realized how the thickness of the active layer impacts the performance of an OTFT for pH sensor applications.

Introduction: In the present article, the effect of the specimen geometry and the sample notch was studied on the high cycle fatigue lifetime and fracture behavior of the aluminum-based nanocomposite. Methods: For such an objective, rotary fully-reversed bending fatigue tests were performed on smooth and notched specimens, with the frequency of 100 Hz. Then, simulated results using the MSC Fatigue software were calculated and compared to the fatigue lifetime in the experiments for validation. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy was utilized to observe the fracture surface of failed samples after testing. Results: Obtained results indicated that the fatigue lifetime increased by enhancing the sample diameter. However, the fatigue lifetime reduced when the stress concentration factor changed from 1.0 to 2.9. Conclusions: All samples with three geometries had a brittle fracture due to cleavage and quasi-cleavage marks on the fracture surface.