Particle interactions play a fundamental role in condensed matter physics because they determine both the dynamical behavior and the equilibrium physical properties of a given system at temperature T and density ρ. However, these interactions are not always precisely known in experiments, or in simulations of coarse-grained systems. A direct determination of the pair interaction potential in a given system could help understand observed behaviors and make further predictions. Given a number of equilibrium configurations of a system, it would be desirable to find a method to directly determine the pair potential by only using these snapshots. We propose two simple methods towards this goal for the specific case of the systems in 3 dimensional space with the Mie potential, which includes two exponents as m and s. Well-equilibrated system configurations are produced by molecular dynamical simulations using the Mie potential with different exponent combinations (m,s). In the first method, we construct a correspondence between the value and location of the first peak of the radial distribution function and the couple (m,s), which allows us to determine the potential with an accuracy of 100% when given a set of equilibrium configurations for an unknown potential. In the second method, we train an artificial neural network to learn this correspondence. We find that all (m,s) combinations are correctly predicted. Both methods support the idea that the pairwise interaction can often easily be inferred by using equilibrium snapshots.

In the pursuit of creating more precise and flexible mathematical models for complex physical phenomena, this study constructs a unique fractional model for the Advection–Dispersion equation. The Advection–Dispersion equation is a fundamental mathematical tool for analyzing fluid dynamics and mass transfer processes, but traditional integer-order models often fail to accurately capture anomalous transport behaviors. To overcome this limitation, we employ a non-singular non-integer operator based on the Heydari–Hosseininia notion. This operator allows us to transform the classical advection–dispersion equation into a more robust and flexible fractional model, which can better represent a variety of transport phenomena across different scales and mediums.The numerical approximation of the proposed fractional Advection–Dispersion equation model is achieved using a set of specific polynomials known as shifted Vieta–Lucas polynomials. Aided by their unique properties, the shifted Vieta–Lucas polynomials enable us to transform the original differential system into a more computationally tractable algebraic system via a non-integer derivative matrix. Furthermore, we undertake a detailed analysis of convergence and truncation error associated with the shifted Vieta–Lucas polynomials, underpinning the validity and stability of our numerical method. To illustrate the efficiency and robustness of the derived method, we provide several example problems which are solved using our method. The corresponding solutions are extensively presented with the aid of figures and tables, demonstrating the method’s remarkable performance in solving the fractional Advection–Dispersion equation model. The proposed method shows promising potential for further application and development in solving other fractional differential equations and related scientific problems.

This work explores various wave pattern dynamics due to fractional derivative, dispersive and nonlinearity effects for the nonlinear time M-fractional modified Korteweg–de Vries (tM-fMKDV) model. To reconnoiter such dynamics, the unified and new form of modified Kudryashov’s techniques execute to integrate the nonlinear tM-fMKDV model for achieving diverse solitonic and travelling wave envelopes. As a result, trigonometric, hyperbolic and rational solutions have been found via a unified technique, and constants base wave solutions have been derived via the novel Kudryashov’s technique. The dynamical behaviors of the obtained solutions in the pattern of periodic waves, different types of periodic rogue waves, kink waves, and different types of double periodic waves have been illustrated with 3D and density plots for arbitrary choice of the permitted parameters. Analyzing the effect, anyone can observe that an increase in dispersion coefficient causes strictly shock to slopy shocked, an increase of nonlinearity reduces the wavelength and reduces fractionality causing smoothly banding wave shape to strictly banding. As a result, our findings demonstrate that the proposed schemes are highly effective, efficient, and accurate in capturing the characteristics of waves. Compared to other approaches, the solutions obtained from our tM-fMKDV models are more abundant.

This context focuses on examining the manner in which localized waves travel through a non-linear medium that adheres to a dual-power law. This medium encompasses a range of disruptions like inter modal dispersion, self frequency shift, and self-steepening effects. This investigation entails employing an improved modified extended tanh function (IMETF) technique to obtain various novel optical soliton solutions which include bright, dark, singular and combo singular-dark solitons. Furthermore, we extract singular periodic, exponential, rational, and Weierstrass elliptic solutions. To showcase their physical characteristics, we provide graphical representations in 3D and 2D of some of the derived solutions.

The class of two-dimensional oxyfluoride monolayers is currently considered one of the most attractive nanomaterials for enhancing design and pushing the limits of different cutting-edge technologies. Two-dimensional semiconductor materials are the most promising systems for various applications in optoelectronic devices because they have a unique optical properties. We continue in this way by investigating the GW band structures and optical properties of unique 2D XOF (X = Ga or In) oxyfluoride monolayers, involving absorption, conductivity, refractive index, and dielectric function. We find no imaginary frequencies in the computed phonon spectra, indicating that these systems are dynamically stable. Furthermore, GaOF and InOF stay stable for temperatures T ≤ 840 K. The band gap of GaOF obtained with the single shot (G0W0) is larger than the band gap energy Eg of InOF. Where the direct band gap energies of GaOF and InOF are 6.1 eV and 4.8 eV, respectively. Our GW(PBE) numerical simulations demonstrate that the GaOF monolayer moves transparent once the frequency of the incoming light exceeds the plasma frequency (35.00 eV). Furthermore, InOF switches transparently once the incident light frequency exceeds the plasma frequency ∼ 35.00 eV. Interestingly, we obtain that these 2D sheets have a strong absorption coefficient in the range of ∼ 3.00–60.00 eV. They are emerging as a potential for the building blocks of the nano-size and ultra-thin optoelectronics of the future since they productively emit and absorb light.

We present a straightforward metamaterial structure based on a graphene monolayer, which comprises a single graphene block and two graphene strips. This innovative design enables plasma-induced transparency (PIT) phenomenal generation by harnessing the interplay between bright and dark modes. To elucidate this phenomenon, we conduct comprehensive theoretical calculations that corroborate the findings of simulate results from finite difference time domain (FDTD). Furthermore, we explore the PIT phenomenon across various Fermi energy levels while also investigating the associated slow light effect in relation to the structural parameter, Fermi energy level, and carrier mobility. By increasing the carrier mobility from 0.4 to 3.4 m2/(V⋅s), the group index can be elevated from 80 to 430. Consequently, this graphene-based metamaterial holds promise for inspiring novel approaches to the design of modulators, optical switches, and devices for manipulating slow light.

In this article, an optical refractive index (RI) nanosensor has been presented. The layout is arranged in a metal–insulator-metal (MIM) waveguide configuration with gold being the plasmonic metal. The waveguides are coupled with quintuple grids resonant cavity where the grids are uneven in length. The transmission spectral profile of the schematic is numerically analyzed employing the two-dimensional Finite Element Method (FEM) within the mid-infrared region (MIR). Moreover, the key structural parameters are optimized individually to realize the maximum performance of the schematic. The most optimal structure displays a high sensitivity of 4737.87 nm/RIU and a FOM of 9.37. Furthermore, the structure can be suitably used in applications such as sensing organic gas vapors and temperature. Due to the practicality of the applications and the simplicity of the schematic along with the higher longevity provided by gold, this device can replace complex structures effectively.

In this study, a system of coupled distributed-order fractional Klein–Gordon–Schrödinger equations is introduced. The distributed-order fractional derivative is generated based on the Caputo fractional differentiation. The discrete Chebyshev polynomials are handled to construct computational approach for this system. To do this, fractional derivatives matrices (distribute-order and classical) of the expressed discrete polynomials are obtained. The intended approach is based on approximating the imaginary and real parts of the system solution by the mentioned polynomials and applying the extracted operational matrices, along with employing the collocation technique. The constructed scheme transforms the solution of the original system into solving a related algebraic system. Three test problems are examined to confirm the adequacy of the expressed collocation procedure.

Molecular dynamics simulations, the perturbation and scattering methods are used to study the transmission and reflection of an incident pulse due to dust impurities in a chain of dust particles. It is found that the transmission and reflection depend strongly on the number of impurities. How the momentum of both the transmitted and reflected wave depends on that of the incident wave is given analytically and numerically for only one impurity and numerically for multiple impurities. It is worth noting that the amplitude of the transmitted and reflected waves remains a constant when the impurity length exceeds the width of the solitary wave. The present results offer a means of detecting impurities in a dusty plasma crystal by measuring the transmitted-to-incident and reflected-to-incident amplitude ratios because they contain information about the impurities in a dusty plasma crystal.

The 4×4 magneto-optical matrix is theoretically established to investigate the group delays of circular polarization, which are generated by the linearly polarized wave crossing through a sandwich composition that consists of a multi-Weyl semimetal (mWSM) layer and two identical Ag layers. Results denote that the cross-polarized transmission of right hand circularly polarized (RCP) and left hand circularly polarized (LCP) waves experience sharp increases from zero transmission to total transmission at their respective resonant tunneling wavelengths because of the nonzero off-diagonal components of mWSM. Based on the steep change of cross-polarized transmissions, the giant enlarged group delays of several picoseconds can be obtained. Furthermore, the resonant tunneling wavelength of RCP and LCP waves exhibit the dependence on tilt degree of Weyl cones, Fermi energy, Weyl nodes separation and topological charge, which provide feasible strategies to achieve the regulable enhanced group delays. Our findings reveal effective methods to acquire the tunable enlarged group delays of circular polarization with mWSM.

This article uses a fractional approach to investigate the system of tsunami wave propagation along an oceanic coastline. The tsunami wave system is considered under singular and nonsingular fractional operators. The double Laplace transform (LT) with Adomian decomposition method (ADM) is implemented to analyse this model. Some theoretical features of the considered fractional tsunami systems are explored via fixed point notions. Based on the shallow-water hypothesis, the current model has been explored. It is shown that changes in sea depth and coast slope have an impact on the tsunami wave’s speed and amplification at various time scales. From the numerical simulations it is observed that decrease in the fractional order decreases the tsunami wave velocity as well as height.

In present manuscript, we build the photon-added deformed spin coherent states (PA-DSCSs) according to deformed spin algebra (DSA). We present the way for solving the unity operator problem and we give the solution for some particular cases. The obtained states are developed through the Holstein-Primakoff (HP) realization of the DSA. The statistical features of the obtained coherent states are examined through the variation of the Mandel’s parameter. By using the PA-DSCSs, we investigate the bipartite entanglement with respect to different parameters of these states.

The main objective of this paper is to study the chaotic behavior and embedded soliton of cubic-quartic χ(2) and χ(3) nonlinear susceptibilities with multiplicative white noise. Firstly, traveling wave transformation and the trial equation method are used to obtain the nonlinear ordinary differential equations. Secondly, chaotic behavior, bifurcation and sensitivity of the perturbed perturbation system are studied. Thirdly, the embedded soliton solutions of cubic-quartic χ(2) and cubic χ(3) nonlinear model can be obtained.

This article studies the generalized nonlinear Schrödinger equation, which is used to simulate the propagation model of optical pulses in Non-Kerr medium. Building upon the traveling wave transformation, the generalized nonlinear Schrödinger equation is simplified to an ordinary differential equation. By employing the two-dimensional planar dynamic system to analyse, the bifurcation, phase portraits and chaotic behaviors of the system is presented. Futhermore, 2D and 3D phase portraits of the dynamic system with perturbation term are plotted with the Maple software. The optical soliton solutions of the generalized nonlinear Schrödinger equation are constructed by using the polynomial complete discriminant method.

In this paper, a method of indium-tin oxide /Graphene /Indium-tin oxide (ITO/Gr/ITO) structure as transparent conductive layer (TCL) to improve the current spreading of ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (UV-LEDs) is reported. The ITO/Gr/ITO structure is obtained by RF magnetron sputtering and wet-transferred. Raman spectroscopy measurement further reveal that the number of inserted graphene in the structure are single layer and few layers. It can be found that the forward voltage of optimized LEDs with ITO/Gr/ITO TCL is significantly reduced. Furthermore, the light output power (LOP) and the wall plug efficiency (WPE) of the LEDs with ITO/Gr/ITO structure have also been improved significantly compared with that of the conventional LED with ITO TCL. Light distribution analysis shows that the introduction of ITO/Gr/ITO structure as TCL in UV-LEDs is an effective method to improve the current spreading. As a result, an LED with a 45.7% increase in LOP at 100 mA, and a 52% increase in maximum WPE is obtained by the use of ITO/Gr/ITO with a single graphene interlayer.

Recently, γ−graphyne has been recognized as a two-dimensional high-order topological insulator with typical corner states. In this work, we examine the condition for the existence of corner states in a hexagonal quantum dot made of γ−graphyne (GYQD). Based on a single-orbital tight-binding model, we find that corner states appear only when there are partially-bonding carbon atoms located at the corners. This indicates a potential instability of corner states. As the size of GYQDs increases, mid-gap states in the energy spectrum are either prohibited or exhibited as corner-only or edge-only states. Additionally, we find that the light absorption of GYQDs has a relatively weak polarization anisotropy. The presence of corner states leads to the emergence of sub-gap absorption and enhancement of above-gap absorption.

It is well known that the interaction of radiation with matter can be described using classical or quantum physics in relation to three systems: incoming radiation, matter, and scattered radiation. Currently, there is no general non-perturbative theory of electromagnetic wave scattering by free electrons, which describes the scattering process using quantum physics. In this paper, such a non-relativistic theory is presented, where statistics and the number of incoming photons is taken into account, and in scattering, statistics with the number of scattered photons is obtained. This theory is completely analytical, considering an arbitrary number of electrons in the system and, in a particular case, goes over into the previously known theory of scattering as the number of incident photons tends to infinity. It is shown that this theory can differ greatly from the previously known theory of Thomson scattering in the non-perturbative case and at relatively small numbers of incident photons. In addition, this theory is applicable to the scattering of ultrashort pulses by free electrons. This theory has good prospects for application in quantum optics, since it fully takes into account the quantum nature of the incident and scattered radiation when interacting with an arbitrary number of free electrons, including in the non-perturbative case.

To enhance the interaction between electromagnetic fields and reduce photoluminescence (PL) lifetime in plasmon-enhanced fluorescence, this study presents a novel approach involving the fabrication of gold (Au) nanohole arrays (ANA) decorated with ring-shaped silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on a silicon-dioxide (SiO2)/silver (Ag) substrate. The surface plasmon resonance coupling in terms of the PL reactions of ANA substrates with and without ring-shaped AgNPs is investigated via experiments and numerical simulations. The remarkable enhancement of PL intensity of the proposed substrate is attributed to increased absorption, which enables the tuning of surface-enhanced electromagnetic fields. Specifically, the Raman signal of rhodamine 6G (R6G) dye and the PL intensity of 4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-t-butyl-6-(1,1,7,7-tetramethyljulolidyl-9-enyl)-4H-pyran (DCJTB) molecules are significantly enhanced 3.7 and 2.2 times, respectively, compared to those of the bare ANA substrate. Meanwhile, the PL lifetime is reduced by 46.15%. These results confirm that ANAs decorated with ring-shaped AgNPs can significantly improve plasmon-enhanced fluorescence. The findings presented herein demonstrate the potential to revolutionize biosensing, imaging, and photonics.

The effeteness of control intervention against monkeypox infection is threatened after the emergence of new outbreaks in many endemic and non-endemic countries. The objective of the present study is to develop a new mathematical model examining the dynamics, future prediction, and effective control intervention of this emerging disease in Nigeria. The model is parameterized using the recent monkeypox outbreak from the start (end of February 2022) to January 07, 2023, in Nigeria. The model best fit to the actual cases is presented using a standard nonlinear least square minimizing residual method and the basic reproduction number is evaluated. Further, we present future scenario of the disease using simulation of our model and dynamics of the disease through various controlling measures are analyzed based on the real data set. In this study, we also conducted mathematical analysis of the model and used a normalized sensitivity analysis to identify the most critical parameters in the system. Moreover, an optimal control problem is developed using four time-dependent control interventions. Detailed simulations of constant controls, with and without time-dependent optimal controls are shown. It is concluded that to eradicate the infection the necessary control strategies are strict personal protection coupled with effective vaccination policy should be implemented. The findings of the present study provide valuable insights for health officials to implement effective and optimal control measures to curb the outbreak.

The stochastic coupled nonlinear Schrödinger systems are very important equations which can be wildly used in the fields of the optical-fiber communications, nonlinear optics, plasma physics, ecological system, statistical mechanics and so on. This work mainly focuses on dynamical behavior, phase portraits, chaotic behavior and multiple optical solitons for the (2+1)-dimensional stochastic coupled nonlinear Schrödinger system with multiplicative white noise. Here, we analytically deduced bright solitons, dark solitons and periodic solutions through the bifurcation theory. Additionally, some other bounded traveling wave solutions which include Jacobi elliptic function solutions, trigonometric function solutions, rational function solutions, hyperbolic function solutions and solitary wave solutions are also obtained by using the symbolic computation as well as the complete discriminant system method. It is worth noting that we give the classification of all single traveling wave solutions at the same time. Finally, in order to further explore the propagation of the (2+1)-dimensional stochastic coupled nonlinear Schrödinger system in nonlinear optics, three-dimensional, two-dimensional, density graphs and contour graphs are also given.