The pith is the internal part of the sugarcane plant with short and variable fiber length. The presence of pith creates process-related issues in papermaking, so it must be removed from the bagasse. Pith has low calorific value, and burning of pith in boilers also creates boiler operational issues as well as environmental pollution and health hazards. The imposition of stringent emission norms by the environmental regulatory bodies is compelling these industries to search for cleaner alternatives to fuels. Pith is generated in huge quantities so its disposal or management will become a major challenge if industries shift to cleaner fuel. Considering these pressing issues and some recent relevant research reported on pith valorization, this study was planned to explore the potential of pith valorization. Therefore, in the present review, research studies available on alternate routes for the valorization of pith into value-added products have been extensively covered. Since pith is also lignocellulosic biomass, therefore, its valorization after pretreatment and as such direct utilization (without pretreatment) has also been categorically discussed. Furthermore, the promising pathways and prospective research in pith valorization are discussed that will make the sugar and associated pulp and paper mill more economically and environmentally sustainable.

This study investigated the impact of process configuration and conditions on microbial communities and metabolic pathways in the anaerobic digestion of winery effluents. Four system configurations were analyzed for taxonomic and functional profiles using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and Tax4Fun2. Sporolactobacillus, Prevotella, and Acetobacter dominated (> 70%) in the acidogenic reactor with 5277 conserved functions across configurations. In the methanogenic reactor, methane production relied on Methanosaeta in the single-stage configuration (13%) and five archaea genera in the two-stage configuration (18%). Thermophilic conditions favored syntrophic acetate oxidation and hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis by Methanothermobacter (65%), significantly changing due to temperature. The two-stage configuration exhibited 3.0 times higher functional redundancy than the single-stage configuration. Mesophilic conditions displayed 2.5 times greater functional redundancy than thermophilic conditions. High organic loading rate and short hydraulic retention time reduced functional redundancy by 1.5 times. Assessing microbial functionality beyond their composition is crucial to understand stability and performance of anaerobic digestion systems.

The proliferation of water hyacinths is a global issue with significant environmental and social implications, and its proper management is a critical issue. Anaerobic digestion (AD) of compressed water hyacinth juice (WHJ) is key to efficiently utilizing water hyacinth biomass, but a simpler and more cost-effective method has yet to be established. In this study, the effectiveness of biochar carriers derived from local waste biomass (i.e., coffee husk) for WHJ treatment was evaluated in a sequential batch reactor. This was compared to conventional AD carriers (polyurethane sponge) and no-carrier conditions. The no-carrier condition resulted in process failure after 40 days due to the accumulation of volatile fatty acids from the substrate overload. In contrast, the biochar condition showed a significant CH4 yield (472 mL/g-VS) and total organic carbon removal (88.6%), comparable to the sponge carrier condition. Scanning electron microscope observation revealed an aggregation of mainly rod-shaped microorganisms in the biochar pores, indicating biofilm formation and a rise in microbial concentration. Nano-archaea (Candidatus Diapherotrites archaeon ADub.Bin253), which have a symbiotic relationship with methanogens, were detected, particularly in carrier-filled conditions, with a relative archaea abundance of 12.9–28.6%. This study highlights the effectiveness of using coffee husks to treat WHJ, which can both exist in the same region, and suggests an alternative way of using locally generated biomass for local waste treatment.

The current study aimed at sequential anthocyanin extraction and bioethanol production from eggplant peel with a zero waste approach. For this purpose, the effect of different solvents (100% ethanol, 100% methanol, 50/50% ethanol-water, and 50/50% methanol-water) on anthocyanin extraction was investigated in the first stage. Lignocellulosic residues of eggplant peel which remained from anthocyanin extraction were subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis, and bioethanol was produced through the fermentation process in the second stage. During experiments, the effect of initial biomass loading on anthocyanin extraction and bioethanol production was also tested. The highest anthocyanin concentration was found as 2306.1 ± 3.5 mg/kg when 50/50% ethanol-water was used as a solvent in the presence of 20% eggplant peel. The maximum ethanol concentrations were observed in enzymatically hydrolyzed 15% eggplant peel loading as 27.5 g/L and 26.6 g/L, for S. cerevisiae and K. marxianus, respectively. In the same conditions, volumetric ethanol productivities were 0.76 g/L.h and 0.74 g/L.h for the same microorganisms. Theoretical ethanol yields were also calculated as 89.6% (YP/S: 0.48 g/g) and 86.8% (YP/S: 0.48 g/g). This study demonstrates that eggplant peel is a promising raw material for biorefinery approaches.Graphical Abstract

This is a prime time to develop and implement the “waste to energy” projects across the globe to attain a sustainable environment. Anaerobic digestion (AD) has attracted the scientific community due to its simplicity and easiness to handle, and has the potential to utilize any kind of organic waste to produce a mixture of combustible gases, i.e., biogas and digested slurry, which has further applications in agriculture, solid biofuels, and purification. The process, in turn, reduces the local waste and helps in recycling in a manner that reduces greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, conserves the resources, and establishes a circular economy in the time of undetermined future for the production of energy and safe disposal of the waste. However, the conventional processes encounter with the low biogas yield and long retention time, which discourage the developers. To enhance biogas yield and quality, the momentum of research has increased towards implementation of advanced techniques for development of efficient processes. The present article summarizes the effect of different operational parameters on AD and impact of advanced techniques for enhanced biomethane/biogas. The article further covers the life cycle assessment (LCA) and techno-economic aspect (TCA) of the AD process. This will provide the comparison of different advanced techniques in terms of biomethane/biogas yield.Graphical Abstract

Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a green technology for biocrude production at high temperatures (200–500 °C) and high pressure (5–30 MPa). There are important gaps in HTL reaction optimization, process design, and the effect of operating parameters. To facilitate overcoming these research gaps in future studies, this review summarizes the scientific and engineering applications of HTL. The objective of this study is to assess the production of biocrude from algae using HTL and compare it with wood and waste biomasses as a potential feedstock. The influence of effective parameters on the optimum HTL biocrude yield was investigated. Moreover, kinetic, economic, and exergy analyses have been considered in HTL studies. The result showed that the highest biocrude yield was attained at 50 wt%, 30 wt%, and 20 wt% using microalgae, wood, and macroalgae at an optimum temperature range of 300–350 °C for less than 60 min. The kinetic models were successful at all reaction temperatures and times for biocrude yield prediction. Moreover, the minimum fuel selling price varied between $1.70 and $22/GGE. The exergy studies indicated that the overall exergy efficiency was in the range of 20–96%. However, direct HTL has some drawbacks such as severe operation conditions and biocrude production with high nitrogen and oxygen contents. Several processes were considered to address these problems. The two-stage, microwave, catalytic cracking, additives, and hydro-treatment upgrading process improve the biocrude properties, while the supercritical fluids and emulsification upgrading process helped dissolve insoluble materials. Furthermore, pretreatment processes such as bead milling, ultrasonic, and microwave were suggested to promote biomass cell wall disruption.

Anaerobic co-digestion (AcoD) may be an interesting option to improve the operating conditions of anaerobic reactors used in vinasse treatment and provide an alternative for dairy cattle wastewater (DCW) management in regions near to ethanol industries. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of AcoD of sugarcane vinasse with DCW (84.8% and 15.2% of COD, respectively) in two up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors (UASB—R1 and R2) in series. The improvements in the nutritional conditions of the vinasse because of the co-digestion with the DCW, combined with effluent recirculation, provided average removals of total COD of 77% for the overall system (R1 + R2) and volumetric methane production of 0.451 m3 CH4 (m3 d)−1 for R1. From the theoretical potential of electrical power production, we verified the possibility of producing 10.65 kWh d−1 per m3 of vinasse in the UASB reactors. That is 39% of the electrical energy needed to process one ton of sugarcane. Therefore, anaerobic co-digestion is an attractive alternative for energy use and reducing environmental problems of vinasse and DCW.

Several non-conventional yeasts are emerging as potential candidate with an ability to produce lignocellulosic ethanol along with other biofuels. Capability to effectively ferment a variety of sugars especially, which are released during lignocellulosic biomass degradation, makes Pichia an organism of choice. By utilizing five carbon sugars along with the six carbon sugars, and generating biofuels with high yields, Pichia is a possible complement with conventional yeasts. Recent research has indicated that these yeasts may have the ability to function as an exoelectrogen, generating electrical energy by extracellular electron transfer. The metabolic pathways and the important products and by-products produced in electrochemical bioreactors by using lignocellulosic hydrolysate and the formation of ethanol and other biofuels are reviewed in the present study. Additionally, it emphasizes Pichia’s potential to be used as a flexible biocatalyst for the synthesis of value-added compounds and bioremediation in microbial fuel cells. The article further highlights some gaps and possibilities for future engineering and optimization of Pichia strains for large-scale production.

In order to improve the biogas production from sweet sorghum bagasse (SSB) pretreated with alkaline hydrogen peroxide and reveal the influence of zeolite dosage and TE on the anaerobic digestion performance, as well as the synergistic effect of zeolite dosage and TE, three dosages of zeolite and trace elements (TE) were used as additives for batched biogas production from pretreated sweet sorghum bagasse slurry (PSSBS). The results showed that the maximum methane production of 274.5 mL/g volatile solid (VS) from the group of PSSBS + 5 g/L zeolite + 1 mL TE could be obtained and 58.4% higher than that of untreated sweet sorghum bagasse. Modified Gompertz model estimation demonstrated that the PSSBS + 5 g/L zeolite + 1 mL TE group caused the highest methane production rate to improve by up to 41.6% from SSB and by at least 39.9% from PSSBS. Moreover, with the zeolite and TE addition, activities of cellulase and dehydrogenase of the digestate analysis indicated a positive influence on biogas production and the high alkalinity maintained the stability of the system. This work will provide experimental reference for biogas production from sweet sorghum bagasse.

Co-digestion implementation in wastewater treatment plants enhances biogas yield, so this research investigated the optimal ratio of biodegradable waste and sewage sludge. The increase in biogas production was investigated through batch tests using basic BMP equipment, while synergistic effects were evaluated by chemical oxygen demand (COD) balance. Analyses were performed in four volume basis ratios (3/1, 1/1, 1/3, 1/0) of primary sludge and food waste with added low food waste: 3.375%, 4.675%, and 5.35%, respectively. The best proportion was found to be 1/3 with the maximum biogas production (618.7 mL/g VS added) and the organic removal of 52.8% COD elimination. The highest enhancement rate was observed among co-digs 3/1 and 1/1 (105.72 mL/g VS). A positive correlation between biogas yield and COD removal is noticed while microbial flux required an optimal pH, value of 8 significantly decreased daily production rate. COD reductions further supported the synergistic impact; specifically, an additional 7.1%, 12.8%, and 17% of COD were converted into biogas during the co-digestions 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Three mathematical models were applied to estimate the kinetic parameters and check the accuracy of the experiment. The first-order model with a hydrolysis rate of 0.23–0.27 indicated rapidly biodegradable co-/substrates, modified Gompertz confirmed immediate commencement of co-digs through zero lag phase, while the Cone model had the best fit of over 99% for all trials. Finally, the study points out that the COD method based on linear dependence can be used for developing relatively accurate model for biogas potential estimation in anaerobic digestors.

Eucalyptus sawdust is a forest residue that, through a biorefinery approach, can be used to manufacture value-added products in the pulp and paper industries as well as to produce a biofuel. This study examines the suitability of a sequential thermochemical pretreatment that uses processes and reagents commonly utilized in the pulp and paper industry to separate valuable biomass components from eucalyptus sawdust and increase its enzymatic digestibility for ethanol production. The research strategy was based on a forest biorefinery that can be integrated into an existing industrial plant for the production of cellulose pulp. A combination of alkaline solutions was evaluated to obtain an extract rich in tannins and intended to be used in the formulation of wood adhesives. A second alkaline treatment was used to recover lignin and hemicellulose components and improve cellulose digestibility. The cellulose fraction was fermented using three commercial Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeasts (Thermosacc®, PE-2, and CAT). Different process configurations (separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF), pre-saccharification followed by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (PSSF), and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF)) at 16% (w/v) solid loading by Thermosacc® yeast were also studied. Thermosacc® yeast enabled higher ethanol production than the other strains but resulted in similar productivity. The two-stage alkaline pretreatment of eucalyptus sawdust was successful in recovering 34 g of tannins, 56 g of xylo-saccharides, 16 g of acetic acid, and 90 g of lignin and produced 152 g of ethanol from 1 kg of dry eucalyptus sawdust.

Sweet sorghum and sweet pearl millet are considered promising alternative feedstocks for bioethanol production. Water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) extraction from the stems for first generation ethanol production is practically well mastered. However, structural carbohydrate (SC) release from the bagasse for cellulosic ethanol production still needs to be more understood and improved, especially for sweet pearl millet. In this study, the effects of two bagasse particle sizes (4.5–9 mm and 1 mm) and two pretreatment solutions (NaOH and H2SO4) at two concentrations (1% and 3%) on the release of SC from sweet sorghum and sweet pearl millet bagasse were investigated. After the extraction of juice, the bagasse pretreatment was carried out at 121 °C for 60 min followed by an enzymatic saccharification. Results indicated that hemicellulose and lignin were better solubilized when the bagasse from both crops was pretreated with NaOH than with H2SO4. The highest glucose concentration (320 and 249 g/kg DM of bagasse for sweet sorghum and sweet pearl millet, respectively) was reached after enzymatic saccharification of the bagasse chopped to 4.5–9 mm particle size and pretreated with 3% NaOH. Under these conditions, cellulose saccharification efficiency reached 88% and 73% for sweet sorghum and sweet pearl millet, respectively, while that of hemicellulose saccharification approached 100% for sweet sorghum and reached 90% for sweet pearl millet. Potential first generation ethanol of 80.3 and 60.7 L/kg DM of biomass and cellulosic ethanol of 138.8 and 115 L/kg DM of biomass were estimated for sweet sorghum and sweet pearl millet, respectively.

The overall purpose of this study is to investigate the potential for producing higher energy biogas at elevated fermentation pressures. Upgrading of biogas is often carried out to increase its methane (energy) content by removing carbon dioxide. Upgrading is used, for example, to give methane of sufficient purity that it can be injected directly into the gas supply grid. In this research, freshwater algae are used as the feedstock for anaerobic digestion (AD) to produce biogas as a source of renewable energy. Although this has been the subject of extensive research over the past few decades, the main reason why AD has not been more widely commercialised is because it can have poor economic viability. In this paper, we used two similar bioreactors of capacity 1.5 L to generate biogas at different pressures. The methane concentration of the biogas increases to at least 70.0% for a headspace pressure greater than 4 bara compared to 57.5% or less when the pressure is less than 1.6 bara. The higher pressure operation therefore reduces the amount of upgrading required leading to a reduction in the cost of this step. Another interesting finding of this study is that the solubility of biogas in the digestate is estimated to be only 3.7% (best fit value) of its solubility in pure water, which is much lower than the values previously reported in the literature.

Emerging pollutants are compounds arising from human development, such as personal care products and pharmaceutical drugs, that reach rivers, lakes, and groundwater through wastewaters and have a potential risk to human health and the environment, which are not yet addressed in any laws. Anticancer drugs are a class of pharmaceutical drugs that exhibit recalcitrant behavior to conventional wastewater treatments. They have been found in domestic, industrial, and hospital wastewater, and some studies proved they can be mutagenic, genotoxic, and teratogenic to humans and wildlife. On this subject, the present study describes the enzymatic degradation of etoposide by several laccase activities and pHs. Moreover, the kinetic studies were performed in etoposide concentrations ranging from 500 to 18,000 µg·L−1. The degradation products were investigated by high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS), and the toxicity was evaluated against L-929 cell line. The results showed that the laccase activity of 1100 U·L−1 completely degraded etoposide in 60 min, and even the laccase activity of 55 U·L−1 could remove 86% of the etoposide after 360 min. Laccase also degraded etoposide in all evaluated pHs, even in conditions similar to wastewater treatment plants (pH 6 and 7). The biocatalysis followed a first-order kinetics behavior and the degradation kinetics constant was k = 0.0477 min−1. The mass spectroscopy suggested that the degradation mechanism of etoposide was by dehydration and demethylation. Furthermore, laccase degraded etoposide to a non-toxic bio-product in which all tested concentrations show no reduction in metabolic activity of the tested cell line. The results of the etoposide degradation strongly suggested that laccase shows the potential to remove anticancer drugs in wastewater treatment plants.

Cassava pulp (CP) is a starchy lignocellulose waste with starch granules entrapped within the cell wall. The enriched hydrolytic and acidogenic bacterial consortium (EHA) was established to break down the lignocellulosic structure and free starch granules during CP conversion into volatile fatty acids (VFAs). Consecutive batch subcultures were used to acclimatize the anaerobic lignocellulolytic microbial consortium for the anaerobic digestion of CP. Hydrolytic and acidogenic microorganisms in the anaerobic lignocellulolytic microbial consortium were then enriched by inhibiting methanogenic activity until a stable consortium, namely EHA4, was obtained. The performance of EHA4 in CP utilization was investigated based on different operating conditions, including CP concentration, inoculum-to-substrate ratio, and pH adjustment. The alpha diversity revealed that the acclimatization and enrichment decreased the consortium’s species richness, creating a solid community specializing in CP hydrolysis and acidification. EHA4 consortium used 100% of CP added within 4 days while producing high-yield VFAs dominated by butyrate and acetate. Clostridium was the dominant bacteria related to hydrolysis and acidification of CP found in EHA4 (41% relative abundance). The performance of EHA4 to degrade higher CP concentration showed a decrease in CP removal due to total VFAs inhibition while maintaining the pH recovered the CP utilization up to 4%. EHA4 is a potential microbial consortium for starchy lignocellulosic CP hydrolysis and acidification as the inoculum starter in biogas production in the future.

This study evaluates the effects of particle size on the preparation of sugarcane bagasse, banana pseudostem, and orange bagasse for Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and x-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. The biomasses were selected from five different granulometry, namely 850, 600, 425, 250, and 106 μm, and analyzed in natura form, extractive-free, and extractive/pectin-free materials. According to the results, particle size influenced the extractive content mainly between 850 and 106 μm, with variations of 8.40% for orange bagasse (OB), 33.96% for sugarcane bagasse (SB), and 44.72% for banana pseudostem (BP). There was a significant influence on the pectin removal between 850- and 425-μm particles of 24.14% and 25.86%, respectively. The FTIR spectra showed an increase in the intensity of the bands when the particle size was reduced. The SEM images showed typical surfaces of lignocellulosic materials and modifications after extractives removal. From the XRD analysis, it was observed a high influence of granulometry on the crystallinity, mainly for SB samples. Overall, the particle size effects are more significant for materials with a large granulometry range, which is advantageous for industrial processes since no grinding is necessary for more homogeneous materials.

Diverse feedstocks utilized in anaerobic digestion (AD) pose challenges to enzymatic disintegration because of their nature and complex physical structures and thereby limiting biogas generation. To overcome this, the AD process is often combined with pretreatment techniques, which facilitate the breaking of organic feedstock into smaller molecules and eventually result in enhanced biogas production. Among several techniques, ultrasound-assisted pretreatment of AD feedstock remains promising because it is simple to implement, requires no chemicals, and combines physical (or cavitation) and biological phenomena for degrading AD feed. This review is primarily centered on the applications of ultrasound pretreatment for disintegrating various feedstocks and increasing biogas production during AD. Biogas generation is described in relation to the ultrasound-assisted disintegration of dairy industry waste, hybrid food and municipal wastes, olive mill wastewater, rice straw, tannery wastewater, meat processing sludge, hybrid industrial waste municipal sewage sludge, and lignocellulosic biomass. The disintegration schemes of feedstocks under ultrasound are proposed. COD is solubilized, and suspended solids (SS) are reduced upon ultrasonication. The impact of ultrasonic treatment on biogas production might be amplified if paired with alkali. Furthermore, the techno-economic commercial scopes of ultrasound pretreatment-based biogas production are discussed, and recommendations for future studies are suggested.Graphical Abstract

This study was carried out to investigate the combined effects of torrefaction and binders on the quality of pellets produced from oat straw. Torrefaction pretreatment was performed with the aid of a lab-scale microwave oven at temperatures in the range of 200–300 °C and a retention time of 5–9 min in an inert environment to ascertain the effect of these two process variables on the physiochemical, thermal, and mechanical properties of the torrefied biomass. Torrefaction liquid (TL) and sawdust were introduced during pelletization as binding agents in the pellet formulation. From the results in this study, the physiochemical and thermal properties of the oat straw pellet improved after torrefaction except for the tensile strength. The higher heating value (HHV), particle density, and bulk density of the torrefied oat straw improved from 16.84 to 24.23 MJ/kg, 882.23 to 1374.87 kg/m3, and 127.87 to 80.23 kg/m3, respectively. The tensile strength of the pellet after torrefaction ranged between 0.35 and 1.02 MPa. The introduction of the binder during pelletization improved the pellet tensile strength to about 1.32–2.28 MPa. Although ash content increased after torrefaction from 5.32 to 10.22%, there was no significant increase in the ash content after the addition of binders as the value ranged between 8.88 and 9.00% for the torrefied pellet sample used. The addition of binder further improved the HHV, pellet density, dimensional stability, and moisture uptake rate from approximately 21 to 24 MJ/kg, 1032 to 1393 kg/m3, 2.23 to 1.02%, and 16 to 9%, respectively for the torrefied pellet sample used. The energy efficiency of this system was improved by the addition of the substance lost during torrefaction as a heat source.

The effects of ultrasonic factors (acoustic power and sonication time) and substrate mixture (tomato waste and cow manure) on the lignocellulosic structure degradability, elimination of feedstock pollutants and solids, and bio-H2 fermentation improvement were studied using the integration of multiple regression modeling and structural equation modeling. Analyses indicated that (i) a mixture of substrates is needed for improving the feedstock quality and bio-H2 fermentation, (ii) highest feedstock solid removal was attained in 0.42 W/mL acoustic power at 15-min sonication time with mixture 75%:25% cow manure/tomato waste, (iii) highest feedstock pollutant removal was obtained in ultrasonic power of 0.34 W/mL at 15 min with higher amounts of tomato waste in the mixtures, (iv) highest lignin removal was achieved for ultrasonic power of 0.42 W/mL at 15 min with higher amounts of cow manure in the mixtures, and (v) highest amount of bio-H2 was produced in ultrasonic power of 0.1 W/mL at 25 min with mixtures 0–25%:75–100% or 75–100%:0–25% cow manure/tomato waste. In proper conditions of pretreatment and substrate mixture, the removal of solid, volatile solid, lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose contents increased respectively by 3.58%, 17.95%, 57.67%, 24.38%, and 38.7% compared to the control system, leading to a 6% increase in bio-H2 production.

As a potential alternative to fossil fuel, biofuel production from microalgae pyrolysis is a promising renewable energy resource. In this aspect, systematic investigation of thermal behavior and kinetic analysis is crucial to select suitable microalgae as a pyrolysis feedstock. The present study used model-fitted Coats Redfern (CR) and model-free distributed activation energy model (DAEM) to screen suitable de-oiled microalgae biomass as pyrolysis feedstock. Thermogravimetric data analysis of eight different CR models, based on three different reaction mechanisms, confirmed that slow pyrolysis of de-oiled microalgae biomass is governed by heat and mass diffusion mechanism. According to DAEM approach, apparent activation energy of Chlorella pyrenoidosa, Chlorella minutissima, Chlorella protothecoides, Chlorella vulgaris, and Dunaliella sp. is 55.87 ± 11.16, 56.09 ± 6.32, 46.58 ± 5.55, 55.26 ± 13.14, and 68.09 ± 10.62 kJ/mol, respectively, which is similar to CR approach. The thermodynamic parameters such as ΔH, ΔG, and ΔS of studied microalgaes are estimated in the range of 41.23–62.74 kJ/mol, 177.87–197.73 kJ/mol, and 0.19–0.22 J/mol•K, respectively. This study used a one-dimensional convolutional neural network (Conv1D) and long short-term memory (LSTM)-based Conv1D-LSTM model to predict microalgal pyrolysis data. The best deep neural network model (DNN6) showed minimum MSE (10−6) and high regression coefficient (R2 > 0.997) for 10, 20, and 30 °C/min heating rates. The proximate and ultimate results were statistically analyzed using Spearman’s rank correlation and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). These research findings can be referenced for systematic screening of microalgae as pyrolysis feedstock and encourages artificial intelligence (AI) application in microalgae pyrolysis studies.