Two new coumarin derivatives, 4-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-2H-chromen-2-one (1) and 4-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-3-(((2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)-2H-chromen-2-one (2), along with five known compounds, were isolated for the first time from ethyl acetate fraction of Sterculia colorata. Structures of isolated compounds were characterized using spectroscopic techniques, such as EI-MS, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR. Compounds 1 and 2 showed significant immunomodulatory (IC50 = 11.42 ± 0.62 μg/mL and 10.98 ± 0.24 μg/mL) and anticancer activities (IC50 = 2.85 ± 0.18 μg/mL and 2.62 ± 0.15 μg/mL), respectively.

A new auronolignan, named cotinignan B, was isolated from Cotinus coggygria Scop. Structure elucidation was performed on the basis of 1H, 13C NMR, COSY, NOESY, HSQC, and HMBC experiments, supported with HR-ESI-MS, IR and UV. Additional J-HMBC NMR experiment was essential to resolve the configuration of the trisubstituted double bond. This compound represents the secondly discovered natural compound belonging to the rare auronolignan type.

Cadabatone (1), a new eudesmanolide-type sesquiterpene lactone, has been isolated from the EtOAc soluble subfraction of the methanolic extract of Cadaba fruticosa (L.) Druce, along with known compounds, 3-epierivanin (2), 3,5,7,4-tetrahydroxyflavone (3), esculetin (4), rosmarinic acid (5), α-amyrin (6), and β-amyrin (7), isolated for the first time from this species. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic studies including MS, IR, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy.

The Mannich reactions of uracil and 6-methyluracil with homoveratrylamine and 1-aryltetrahydroisoquinolines in EtOH and dioxane were studied. 5-[(2-Hydroxymethyl)-4,5-dimethoxyphenylethylamino)methyl]-6-methylpyrimidine-2,4(1H, 3H)-dione was formed in EtOH in addition to the usual products (in dioxane).

Phytochemical investigation of the stem bark of Xeromphis nilotica led to the isolation of two new triterpenoid saponins; 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→3)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-olean-12-ene-23,27-diol (1) and 3-O-{β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl}-oleanolic acid (2). Their structures were elucidated through extensive chromatographic separations and spectroscopic methods [1D, 2D NMR and HR-ESI-MS]. Sugar moieties were identified through TLC after acid hydrolysis.

New potentially biologically active amidoethanesulfonamides of betulonic acid were synthesized by the acid chloride method via conjugation of betulonic acid with 2-aminoethanesulfonamides as the free bases.

Two new anthraquinones, (11S)-1,4,6-trihydroxy-7-(1-hydroxyethyl)-3-methoxyanthracene-9,10-dione (1) and (11S)-1,6-dihydroxy-7-(1-hydroxyethyl)-3-methoxyanthracene-9,10-dione (2), together with six known compounds, including four naphthoquinones (3–6), one thiophene derivative (7), and one cyclohexanedione derivative (8), were isolated from the mangrove rhizosphere soil-derived fungus Fusarium sp. J3-2. Compound 1 displayed weak to moderate antibacterial activities against five strains of pathogenic bacteria with MIC values ranging from 25 to 50 μg/mL. Compound 3 showed weak cytotoxic activities toward human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines, SMMC-7721 and SGC-7901, with IC50 values of 48.87 and 41.23 μg/mL, respectively. Compounds 1–7 exhibited antifouling activities against the larval settlement of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite.

Phytochemical profiling of the CH2Cl2 extract of the culture broth of a thermotolerant polyester-degrading actinomycete Actinomadura miaoliensis by a combination of column chromatography and preparative TLC afforded one new imide, called miaolimide (1). The structures were established by extensive spectroscopic analyses including 1D and 2D NMR (COSY, HSQC, and HMBC), and HR-ESI-MS, and by comparison with published data.

A new spirostane glycoside was isolated from the leaves of Dracaena fragrans. The structure of this compound was elucidated as spirosta-5,25(27)-diene-1β,3β-diol-1-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-[α-Larabinopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-D-xylopyranoside, which was determined by spectroscopic analysis 1D and 2D NMR, and mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS in positive mode).

A new eudesmane-type sesquiterpenoid, artemihedinic acid N (1), together with four known compounds, aspterric acid (2), two naphtho-γ-pyrones, peninaphones A (3) and B (4), and a diphenyl ether (5), were isolated from the rice medium fermentations of the mangrove rhizosphere soil-derived fungus Penicillium sp. HK1-22. The structure of 1 was determined by combined spectroscopic methods including 1D and 2D NMR spectral data. The antibacterial activities of all isolated metabolites were evaluated.

A new sesquiterpene, named spheciospongone C (1), and a known compound fucosterol (2) were isolated from the brown algae Sargassum polycystum. The structure and absolute configuration of compound 1 were identified by comprehensive 1D, 2D NMR, HR-ESI-MS spectral data and compared the circular dichroism (CD) data with the literature.

The chemical constituents of Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf. were isolated and purified by column chromatography. Two lignans were obtained from an ethanol extract of the roots of C. pilosula, including one new lignan [diethyl lithospermate (1)] and one new natural product [diethyl lithospermate B (2)]. The structures of these compounds were identified using spectroscopic data. The α-glucosidase inhibitory effects of all compounds were measured by the p-nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside method. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited good inhibitory activity with half-maximal inhibitor concentrations of 0.79 ± 0.03 μM and 0.16 ± 0.02 μM, respectively.

A new eudesmanolide, macrocephalolide I (1), along with 11 known compounds 2–12, were isolated from the whole plant of Artemisia macrocephala. Their structures were elucidated by HR-ESI-MS, NMR, and ECD calculations. Compound 1 was tested for anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activities, without obvious potentials unfortunately. Compounds 2–12 were isolated firstly from Artemisia macrocephala, wherein 8, 11 were isolated from Artemisia genus for the first time.

A new acetogenin, 4-methoxyannonins VIII (1) was isolated from the unripe fruits of Annona mucosa Jacq. (Annonaceae). The structure of the new acetogenin was elucidated by chemical and physical evidence.

In our search for new bioactive metabolites from plants of Cassia genus, the phytochemical investigation on the whole plants of C. rotundifolia was carried out, and that led to the isolation of two new (1 and 2) and five known (3–7) chromones. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including extensive 1D and 2D NMR techniques. Interestingly, 1 and 2 showed good anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (anti-MRSA) activities with IZD of 13.2 ± 2.4 and 15.8 ± 2.6 mm, respectively.

A new cinnarandanoid (1) was isolated from the roots of Cinnamomum randaiense (Lauraceae). The structure of the new dimeric benzenoid was elucidated by chemical and physical evidence.

A new 1,2-seco-flavan-3-ol,(2S)-1-(3′′-methoxy-4′′-hydroxyphenyl)-3-(2′,6′-dimethoxy-4′-hydroxyphenyl)-propan-2-ol (1), together with nine known compounds (2–10) were isolated from the leaves of Cinnamomum camphora var. linaloolifera Y. Fujita. Their structures were identified by spectroscopic methods and comparison with reported references. Compounds 1, 2, and 7 have different degrees of inhibition on HepG2 cells, IC50 values vary between 50 and 110 μmol·L–1.

One new anhydride, alpinofficinol (1) was isolated from the rhizomes of Alpinia officinarum Hance (Zingiberaceae). The structure was determined by means of HR-ESI-MS and extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic studies.

The new natural saponin 3β,16α-dihydroxy-23-oxo-oleanan-28,13β-olide (1) was isolated from the aerial part of Saponaria officinalis. Its structure was established by analyzing 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic and high-resolution mass-spectrometric data. The antimicrobial activity of the new saponin against the microorganisms Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Candida albicans was studied.