Fabricating materials with nacre-like structure have received considerable attention as it shows an excellent combination of mechanical strength and toughness. A considerable number of researchers have reported the preparation method of bionic structure, such as layer-by-layer assembly, vacuum filtration, coextrusion assembly, electrophoresis deposition, water-evaporation-induced assembly, 3D printing, and freeze casting. Compared with other techniques, freeze casting, known as ice templating, is an environmentally friendly, prolongable, and potential method, so it has been rapidly developing and widely researched in recent decades. In this review, the front six methods with their benefits and limitations are briefly introduced. Then, the freeze casting technique with the preparation process and modified technique is emphatically analyzed. Finally, the future tendencies of materials application and technique application are discussed. Freeze casting consists of suspension preparation, solidification, sublimation, and post-treatment processes. The mechanism and influence of parameters during suspension preparation and solidification processes are principally discussed. It must be pointed out that the performance and structure of samples are closely related to the model and external force. Besides, the adjustable process parameters of freezing casting are a strong guarantee of obtaining the target product. The purpose of this review is to promote freeze casting workers to understand the influence of parameters and enlighten them in new experimental designs.

: Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) have several potential uses in research for medicine such as drug discovery and drug delivery, an area at the forefront of evolving area of nanobiotechnology. In general, SLNs were created to address the drawbacks of conventional colloidal carriers, including emulsions, liposomes, and polymeric nanoparticles since they provide various advantages such as favourable release profiles and tailored drug delivery with outstanding physical-chemical stability. Solid lipid nanoparticles are spherical solid lipid particles that are distributed in water or an aqueous surfactant solution and are in the nanometer size range. Therefore, SLN is used to deliver hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs. The review article focuses on various aspects of SLN including the structure, the influence of excipients, the drug incorporation model, the principle of release, the method of preparation, characterization, the route of administration and biodistribution, and the application of SLN.

Background: The spread of infectious diseases caused by viruses is always a global concern to public health. Developing affordable, accurate, fast and effective technologies for virus detection is crucial in reducing virus transmission. A nanopore is a sensor that can identify target molecules at a single molecule level, often used for genome sequencing and early disease detection. Nanopores are classified in two types: biological nanopores, ideal for detecting viral nucleic acid sequences, and solid-state nanopores primarily used to detect viral particles. Methods: In this review, we first provide a brief overview of the properties and fundamental principles of these two types of the nanopore. Then, we focus on the application of nanopores in viral nucleic acid sequencing and the quantitative detection of viral nanoparticles. Additionally, we discuss new strategies combining nanopore sensors with other technologies, which greatly improve the sensing performance. Results: A literature review on the application of nanopores in controlling viral epidemics is provided. The pros and cons of biological nanopores and solid-state nanopores are summarized, respectively, and the opportunities of integrating novel technologies with nanopore sensors to enhance the latter are addressed in this paper. Conclusion: Owing to significant advancements in nanotechnology and integration with other technologies such as machine learning, nanopore sensors are becoming widely applied in viruses-related analysis. In the long term, nanopore sensors are expected to play an important role in the field of virus detection and analysis.

: The reliability and efficacy of sensor-based automated systems have improved due to the proliferation of electric vehicles, renewable sources, and integrated systems in power industries extensively. This has been accomplished by increasing the power density and decreasing the volume of the system. Background: Mathematical estimation and comparative analysis of the physical factors result in massive usage of operational matrices measured using sensors. Magnetic field sensors, used in industries and biomedical applications, have a high level of precision in the evaluation of measurements. In order to extract the measured parameters such as sensitivity, accuracy, operating cost, the linear range of operation, and power utilisation, these sensors adhere to the physical constraints during their nominal working conditions. The characteristics of the aforementioned sensors are enumerated in detail in this article. Objective: This objective is highly focused on providing a comprehensive overview of classification and the properties of Hall-Effect, anisotropic magnetoresistive (AMR), giant magnetoresistive (GMR), and tunnelling magnetoresistive (TMR) sensors. The dissertation on its properties concludes that TMR is more reliable and sensitive in variable operating conditions. Methods: The methods for selecting the sensors for an application are confined to voltage fluctuations and sensitivity. A three-layered TMR sensor with two magnetic layers and an insulator in between is proposed as a significant advancement compared to the literature. The micromagnetic simulation is carried out at room temperature for a three-layered TMR made up of neodymium alloy, magnesium oxide, and cobalt platinum alloy. Conclusion: Based on the studies executed, it is determined that TMR is more sensitive than both conventional and MR sensors. The proposed schematic claims that the higher free layer thickness offers maximum sensitivity with 77% negative magnetoresistance. The reduced coercivity of 1.9Oe is achieved in this combination at a specified temperature range.

Recently, there has been a significant increase in the rate and amount of pollutant discharge into the environment. This is extremely worrisome to the human population, especially as it is envisaged to reach 10 billion in the next 40 years. The traditional methods applied for pollutant abatement and recycling exhibit inefficiency and environmental unfriendliness because they cannot effectively transform these pollutants into non-noxious states. Recently, microorganisms and nano-based materials are emerging as highly efficient and eco-friendly alternatives for managing, reducing, and decontaminating pollutant wastes or effluents in the environment. The biosynthesis of these materials has motivated research into developing cheaper, green, and more sustainable yeast, algae, fungi, and bacteria-biogenic nanoparticles, which could be used to clean up heavily contaminated environments. This review evaluates the application of microorganisms (yeast, algae, fungi, and bacteria) with nanomaterials as biogenic nanoparticles to clean up environmental pollutants. The environmental and health hazards associated with the fate of the biogenic nanoparticles, and some legal regulations, are also highlighted. The commercialization of nanomaterials and their possible global application are also documented. Future recommendations were proffered.

Background: We reported for the first time the preparation of carbon nanodots/ cajuput oil (C-dots/CJO) composites for potential antibacterial applications. Methods: The C-dots were synthesized from CJO distillation wastes via the low carbonization method. Then, the C-dots were mixed with CJO to obtain C-dots/CJO composites. The characteristics of the C-dots were determined using UV-Vis, PL, TRPL, FTIR, and HRTEM, whereas the C-dots/CJO composites were characterized using UV-Vis and FTIR. Results: Antibacterial properties were investigated for samples of C-dots, CJO, and C-dots/CJO with no-light, white light, and UV/violet light treatments. The C-dots produced cyan luminescence with a decay lifetime of 6.54 ns. Based on the antibacterial tests, the C-dots/CJO composites have DIZ higher than the pure C-dots. Conclusion: The C-dots/CJO composites reached the highest DIZ of 3.6 nm under white light, which was attributed to the photodynamic effect and photodisinfection of the C-dots and CJO, respectively. Hence, the C-dots/CJO composites can be potential antibacterial agents against E. coli bacteria.

: This literature study will investigate cubosomal preparation in various pharmaceutical compositions. Cubosomal particles are nanostructured liquid crystalline particles with submicron diameters ranging from 10 to 500 nanometers with high encapsulation efficacy. This literature has investigated the anatomy and function of cubosomal units, as well as their formulation, material application, benefit, disadvantage, and preparation technique. Due to their nano-irritancy, cubosomal nanostructures have become a preferred method for treating a range of illnesses.

Introduction: The current research aims to formulate a controlled release formulation of Actarit utilizing cyclodextrin based nanosponges as a nanocarriers. β-Cyclodextrin built nanosponges were prepared by condensation reaction using diphenyl carbonate as crosslinking agent. Methods: A 3-level, 3-factor Box-Behnken design was used to optimize the reaction conditions. The particle size, zeta potential and solubilization efficiency of prepared nanosponges were determined. Actarit was loaded into nanosponges by freeze drying method. Actarit loaded nanosponges were further evaluated for particle size, zeta potential, surface morphology, FTIR, DSC, XRD and Dissolution characteristics. The cyclodextrin nanosponges prepared under optimum conditions exhibited a particle size range of 143.42 to 152.76 nm with low polydispersity indices. FTIR spectra confirmed the formation of carbonyl bond between the β-Cyclodextrin molecules. Results and Discussion: Actarit loaded nanosponges exhibited a particle size range of 157.13 to 168.34 nm with minimum polydispersity index. The zeta potential value was sufficiently high to maintain the stability of colloidal nanosponges. TEM image exposed the spherical structure of drug loaded nanosponges that could be retained and released gradually over time. The FTIR, DSC and XRPD studies inveterate the interaction between Actarit and nanosponges. The drug loaded nanosponges displayed a significant progress in dissolution of drug when compared to plain Actarit. The initial rapid release of Actarit from nanosponges formulations was observed. After 24 h of study, around 90 % of the drug released from nanoformulation and only around 20 % of the drug from free drug suspension. Conclusion: Cyclodextrin based nanosponges displayed superior complexing capability with increased solubility of poorly soluble Actarit.

: Nanomaterial-based therapeutics is an emerging tool for the treatment of numerous types of cancer. Various types of polymeric, lipid and inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) result in a wider series of applications in cancer diagnosis and therapeutics. The NPs properties are due to high surface area to volume ratio, surface plasmon resonance, absorption in the visible spectrum and light scattering. These unique characteristics of NPs arise due to their optical surface properties for conjugation/surface modification and smaller size. In cancer therapeutics, NPs based products are used as a biomarker for early detection/diagnosis of tumours, drug nano-conjugates for the delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs to the tumour-specific site, chemo-protective agents, etc. Furthermore, other advantages of NPs are biocompatibility, lesser toxicity, enhanced permeability and retention effect, higher stability, and specific targeting with a selective accumulation of nano drugs in the tissue of the tumour. The selective targeting of NPs to tumour tissue is possible by adding surface-active targeting agents i.e., antibodies. The selective transport of drug NPs conjugates to the cancer cells is increased and extravagated due to permeable vasculature from endothelial cells gap while failing the transport of drug NPs conjugates in normal cells. This review emphasizes metallic NPs, including silver NPs (AgNPs) and gold NPs (AuNPs), which are extensively reconnoitered in various applications in cellular targeting, imaging, drug delivery, DNA-NPs conjugates for biosensor/point of care devices development, photothermal/photodynamic therapy, protein-protein interaction, etc. In addition, this review discussed different synthetic methods of AgNPs and AuNPs and characterization methods. Furthermore, it highlighted the different properties and applications of AgNPs and AuNPs in cancer theranostics.

Aim: Enhanced Magnetic, Dielectric, Optical and Ferro-Photovoltaic Properties of Barium Ferrite (BaFe2O4) Nanoparticles with Zn doping for Photovoltaic Applications Background: A complete examination of structural, magnetic, di-electric, photovoltaic, and optical properties of Zn doped barium ferrite particles has been performed, using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), Impedance Analyzer, UV Visible spectroscopy, and Fluorescence spectrophotometer. Objective: The valuable results of magnetic, optical, and photovoltaic properties of Zn doped barium ferrites presented a novel idea for utilizing magnetic ferrites in photovoltaic applications. Method: Magnetic Ba1-xZnxFe2O4 (x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5) nanoparticles have been prepared by sol-gel auto combustion method. Result: The ferroelectricity and photovoltaic response were explored by Multiferroics system and Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, respectively. The structure was detected orthorhombic with space group Pnma 3 for pure and Zn doped samples. The magnetization value for pure BaFe2O4 was increased from 1.4 emu/g to 15.3 emu/g for Ba0.7Zn0.3Fe2O4 sample. The ferroelectric behavior was reflected equally in pure BaF and Zn-doped samples. The photovoltaic results revealed an increase in photocurrent upon illumination in Zn = 0.3 sample. The dielectric properties showed direct relation with each other and supported ferroelectricity. The energy band gap value for pure barium ferrite (BaF) was reduced from 1.54 eV to 1.33 eV for Zn = 0.3 sample. The photoluminescence resulted in increasing emission intensity spectra for Zn = 0.3 and Zn = 0.5 at wavelength of 607 nm and 430 nm. Conclusion: The nanoparticles revealed an orthorhombic crystal structure with degraded particle size from 43-26.5 nm with increasing concentration of Zn doping. The same movement was followed by grain size from 245 to 33 nm. The lattice constant ‘a’, micro-strain, and dislocation density were increased. The growth of spherical nanoparticles and the desired composition of chemical bonds were verified by SEM and FTIR individually. The magnetization was upgraded from 1.4 emu/g to 15.32 emu/g, while coercivity was lessened with doping.

: Hybrid functional materials, composed of inorganic and organic components, are considered versatile platforms whose applications in electronics, optics, mechanics, energy storage, informatics, catalysis, sensors, and medicine field have represented a breakthrough for human well-being. Among hybrid materials, micro/nanostructured hybrid colloidal systems have been widely investigated due to the dramatic enhancement of activity provided by the large surface area exposed at the interfaces with respect to the bulk counterpart. Recently, a growing interest has been in the exploration of novel environmental-friendly and versatile procedures that allow the formulation of hybrid nanostructures through safety procedures and mild experimental conditions. This review aims to provide an introduction to hybrid organic-inorganic materials for biomedical applications in particular nanostructured ones, describing the commonly exploited materials for their fabrication and techniques, advantages, and drawbacks.

Nanomaterials are a promising and popular research topic for many scientists. Nanodiamond is a branch of nanotechnology in nanoscience. Nanodiamond is a newly emerging type of nanoparticle because of its small size, i.e., 3-4 nm size and shape, and a wide variety of applications such as bioimaging, gene therapy, and new targeted drug delivery for various drugs. Bio applications must meet a number of requirements, such as being safe and effective. In the past, nanodiamond was made in a number of ways, such as by detonation, laser ablation, high pressure and high temperature (HPHT), and explosives. In this review, we cover the following: introduction, features, types, synthesis, future prospects, and application.

Over the past few years, nanoparticles have been widely used in therapeutic applications. It is well acknowledged that nanoparticles have improved the shortcomings of conventional treatments. The advantages and drawbacks of inorganic nanocarriers such as metal nanoparticles and quantum dots have been extensively studied. Although carbon nanotubes have been touted as a prominent medication delivery method, their physicochemical characteristics, such as low water solubility, limited circulation time, etc., restrict their use. Compared to hard matter tubes like carbon and other inorganic matter, organic nanotubes have better physiological properties such as improved blood stability, longer circulation time, high serum solubility, etc. The current study focuses on recent developments in the use of organic nanotubes for drug delivery and the utilization of their structural features. The soft, organic material that builds up these nanotubes has a synergistic effect on biocompatibility and lowers cytotoxicity thus proving suitable for the potential use as drug delivery carrier. The goals of this review are to identify the characteristics that support the creation of new drug delivery systems and to shed light on current advancements that have been reported in the literature. The paper also includes discussion of the difficulties in using these organic nanotubes for applications in drug delivery as well as the potential for future research in this field.

For the treatment of brain illnesses, there is growing interest in nose-to-brain drug administration. Other, more traditional methods of crossing the blood–brain barrier (BBB) are ineffective. As a result, the therapeutic concentration in the brain cannot be achieved, and the reaction is inadequate. Intranasal medication delivery is one intriguing technique for avoiding first-pass metabolism and bypassing the blood-brain barrier. It lowers medicine doses while reducing systemic side effects. Compared to conventional drug delivery platforms, a nanoparticulate drug delivery method allows for greater penetration via the nasal route. It is better to make the nanoparticles for nose-to-brain administration when a good carrier (polymers) is used. This review focuses on the many processes for creating polymeric nanoparticles, strategies and tactics for improving nose-tobrain drug delivery efficiency, and nanoparticle characterization. The use of the nose-to-brain drug delivery platform is being explored using a variety of nanoparticles created by researchers for the treatment of brain illnesses.

Aims and Objectives: Atorvastatin calcium (ATR) is a BCS class II drug showing poor bioavailability due to limited aqueous solubility. In the present study, a self-nano-emulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) was developed and formulated as a liquid filled in a hard shell capsule to improve the bioavailability of ATR. Methods: Different oils were screened through the saturated stability method, and the amount of ATR solubilized in the respective oils was analysed through HPLC at 245nm. A ternary phase diagram was plotted to obtain the optimized ratio of oil, surfactant, and co-surfactant to formulate SNEDDS. The prepared ATR SNEDDS was filled into hard shell capsules, band sealed, and subjected to various evaluations like disintegration time, self-emulsification time, precipitation time assessment, globule size analysis and zeta potential. Then the in vitro dissolution studies were carried out. The optimized SNEDDS formulation was filled in a hard shell capsule, and in vivo studies were performed on rabbits to compare the pharmacokinetic parameters with the marketed formulation and pure ATR. objective: In the present study a Self-nano-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) was developed and formulated as a Liquid filled in hard shell capsule to improve the bioavailability of ATR. Results: Capmul MCM as the oil component showed five-fold solubility of ATR and was selected for the preparation of ATR-SNEDDS. The SNEDDS formulation showed an entrapment efficiency of 89.76±4.1% ATR with a globule size of 385±1.9 nm and an emulsification time of 5 seconds. It was established from the study that liquid ATR-SNEDDS had relative bioavailability enhanced by 1.7 times in comparison to the marketed formulations (Lipvas) and 4.8 times with respect to pure ATR. Conclusion: From the study, it was concluded that the bioavailability of ATR was enhanced by formulating ATR as Liquid SNEDDS filled in hard shell capsules.

Background: The study of metallic nanoparticles is important since they present nonlinear optical properties crucial for modern photonic science and technology. Moreover, their mechanical, chemical, and optical properties are different from those presented with respect to volumetric material. Said properties can be adjusted by controlling the size and shape of the studied nanoparticles, and various methodologies have been developed to obtain nanoparticles by chemical and physical means. Methods: Spherical nanoparticles were synthesized by chemically reducing silver nitrate, sodium borohydride, and sodium citrate precursors. Different amounts of silver nitrate were added to the original spherical nanoparticles and then exposed to a green LED light source to convert the spherical nanoparticles to triangular prisms. The changes in the samples were monitored using absorption spectra obtained with a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The nonlinear refractive index was determined with Z-scan measurements, and a scanning electron microscope was used to observe the silver nanoparticles before and after laser irradiation. Results: The absorption spectra show a band of around 418 nm for the original spherical nanoparticles, which shifted to blue after the irradiation with green LED light. Furthermore, a new band was obtained, centered around 565 nm, which indicates the presence of triangular prisms. From SEM images, it was confirmed that the spherical nanoparticles were transformed into triangular nanoprisms. The non-linear (negative) refractive index depends on the shape and number of nanoparticles; however, using the Z-scan technique caused photo-melting and photofragmentation of the triangular prisms, which was corroborated by SEM images. Conclusion: These results suggest that the shape and amount of AgNPs can be controlled with excess silver ions and irradiation time. In addition, the Z-scan technique causes photo-melting and photo-fragmentation of AgNPs, and their nonlinear refraction index is negative due to thermal origin.

Background: Synthesis of spherical silver nanoparticles is mostly reported, but the use of DNA, especially short oligonucleotides, to mediate the production of anisotropic AgNPs is still questioned. Objective: This work aims to use 30-mer oligo(dA) and oligo(dC) (or A30 and C30) to assist the formation of anisotropic AgNPs under blue LED irradiation. Methods: We reported a simple synthesis reaction containing AgNO3, A30 (or C30), and sodium borohydride, which were exposed to 460 nm LED light for 24 h. The obtained AgNPs were characterized and assayed for antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Results: With exposure to 460 nm LED light, A30 and C30 could mediate the transition from spherical to hexagonal shapes of AgNPs with average sizes of 16 − 18 nm. Analyses of X-ray diffraction and selected area electron diffraction indicated the face-centered cubic crystal structure of AgNPs. A30- and C30-AgNPs exhibited similar antioxidant activities; IC50 of 78.68 ± 0.83 and 73.91 ± 0.46 μg mL−1, respectively. They also possessed antibacterial activities against Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus. Scanning electron micrographs revealed surface pores and rupture of bacterial cells in response to AgNPs. Conclusion: Oligonucleotides of only 30 residues are shown to assist the generation of anisotropic AgNPs under activation of blue LED irradiation, in which the synthesized AgNPs still exhibited antioxidant and antibacterial activities, suggesting a simple method to synthesize non-spherical AgNPs using short-length DNA.

: With so many of our daily activities related to electricity, from telecommunication to laptops and computers, the use of electric energy has skyrocketed in today's technology-based world. Energy output must rise to meet rising energy demand. Still, as fossil fuels are running out, we must turn to more renewable energy sources, particularly solar energy, which can be harnessed and converted to electricity by solar-powered cells. The issues, however, are brought about by the sunlight's unpredictable energy output. The energy produced by solar cells should therefore be stored using energy storage technologies. This notion led to the development of the photo-supercapacitor, a device that combines a solar cell with a supercapacitor to store the energy generated by the solar cells. However, recently researchers developed light-responsive materials for supercapacitors that could be used directly as electrode materials and deposited on various transparent and conductive substrates. Such light-responsive supercapacitors could be operated directly by shining solar light without using any solar cell. A light-responsive supercapacitor's efficiency is primarily influenced by the active materials used in its electrode fabrication. The main components of high-energy conversion, which improves a light-responsive supercapacitor's performance and shelf life, are photoactive materials, counter electrodes, compatible electrolytes, and transparent substrate performances. Furthermore, light-responsive supercapacitors are cutting-edge and promising energy storage devices that can self-charge under light illumination by converting light to electrical energy and storing it for later use. They are considered a novel approach to energy issues in electrical transportation, electronic equipment, and on-chip energy storage devices. Thus, this review paper opens up an avenue for the direct utilization of photoactive nanomaterials for electrochemical energy storage and demonstrates the substantial potential for the fabrication of advanced light-responsive supercapacitors. This study also covers the fundamentals of how this exciting field works, the historical trajectory of how far it has come, and the promising prospects for its future.

Background: Metronidazole is widely used due to its clinical excellence in treating systemic or local infections caused by anaerobic bacteria. However, it is easily soluble in water, not easy to biodegrade and adsorb and stays for a long time in environments, causing great harm to human health and food safety. Therefore, it is important to choose highly selective and sensitive methods for metronidazole content determination in environments. In this paper, the edible fungus Boletus speciosus was used as the carbon precursor to successfully prepare carbon dots by one-step hydrothermal method, and were used to analyze metronidazole. Methods: Characterization of the prepared carbon dots from B. speciosus (Bs-CDs) were studied by Transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-Ray Diffraction. Results: The linear equation was y=0.06231+0.01099x (R2=0.9970) with a metronidazole concentration of 2.5~50 μM, and the detection limit was 71 nM. The fluorescence quenching mechanism of Bs-CDs detecting metronidazole belonged to the internal filtration effect. Bs-CDs were applied to detect metronidazole in actual water samples, presenting good sensitivity and a high recovery rate (97.0~106.0%). Conclusion: It provides a new idea for applying carbon dots in metronidazole content detection.

Background: Wound healing remains a challenge that has not yet been solved. Researchers are more interested in gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) than other nanoparticles because of their size-related chemical, electrical, and magnetic properties that may be useful in biological applications. Due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial qualities, and their capacity to destroy free radicals, AuNPs are also advantageous in lowering inflammation and promoting quicker wound healing. Method: In this study, we analyzed all pertinent papers up to April 2021 to study the impact of AuNPs on the wound healing process in animal experiments based on scientific data, as wound healing is still one of the most significant medical difficulties. Based on the keywords