Background: The emergence of drug-resistant bacteria and multidrug-resistant diseases, both of which are associated with high mortality, has posed a serious global health issue. Thiazoles and coumarins were reported as antimicrobial agents. Objective: This research paper aims to describe the synthesis of some novel thiazole derivatives bearing a coumarin residue as antibacterial agents Method: The thiazole - coumarin hybrids were synthesized starting from the condensation of 3-acetyl coumarin (1) hydrazine carbothioamide (2) or thisemicarbazide then reacting the resulting products with different p-substituted phenacyl bromides (4a-e), hydrazonoyl chlorides (8a-e), and (11). In vitro antibacterial activity was studied in this work. In addition, molecular docking studies for the new compounds have also been carried out to investigate the binding mode of actions against the target DNA gyrase B. Result: Some of the newly synthesized compounds such as compounds 10b, 7, and 6b showed pronounced activities against gram (+ve) and gram (-ve) bacteria compared to a reference antibacterial agent. Compounds 10b, 7, and 6b exhibited the best binding affinity against the target. Conclusion: We could obtain a series of precious hitherto unknown thiazole derivatives with varied antibacterial activities from cheap laboratory-available starting material following rather simple environmentally friendly techniques avoiding the use of hazardous or heavy metal-containing catalysts.

Aim:: Organic electro-optic (EO) materials have recently gained considerable attention owing to their advantages compared to inorganic EO materials. Among different kinds of organic EO materials, organic EO molecular glass exhibits desired prospect because of its high chromophore loading density and large macroscopic EO activity. Introduction:: The objective of this study is to design and synthesize a novel organic EO molecular glass JMG utilizing julolidine moiety as the electron donor, thiophene moiety as the conjugated bridge, trifluoromethyl substituted tricyanofuran derivate (Ph-CF3-TCF) as the electron acceptor. Method:: The JMG’s structure was characterized through NMR and HRMS. The photophysical property, glass transition temperature, first hyperpolarizability (β) and dipole moment (μ) of JMG were determined through UV-vis spectra, DSC test and DFT calculation. Results:: JMG’s Tg reached to 79 °C and it can form high-quality optical film. The theoretical calculation shows that the first hyperpolarizability (β) and dipole moment (μ) of JMG were calculated to 730×10-30 esu and 21.898 D. After connecting poling with the poling voltage of 49 V/μm at 90 ℃for 10 min, the highest EO coefficient (r33) of the poled JMG films reached to 147 pm/V. Conclusion:: A novel julolidine-based NLO chromophore with two tert-butyldiphenylsilyl (TBDPS) groups was successfully prepared and characterized. TBDPS group is introduced as the film-forming group, and it also plays the role of isolation group, which can suppress the electrostatic interaction between chromophores, improve the poling efficiency and further enhance the EO activity. The excellent performances endow JMG with potential applications in device fabrication.

: “The founder of green chemistry explains how chemicals manufacturing must change to support a sustainable future.” In this review, Green chemistry is considered in the synthesis of heterocycles compounds containing Pyrimidine nuclei using different catalyzes, solvents, and techniques for the synthesis of pyrimidine derivatives that achieve sustainability. The mentioned fused heterocycles are classified according to the type of ring system. The yield of the target molecules reported in the review is given in the reaction's last step.

The development of an active, selective, and long-term selective catalyst for the synthesis of biologically active heterocycles is still challenging. However, magnetic nanocatalysts have divergent applications like high efficiency, selectivity, consumption, and reusability. The current review explores a detailed survey of the latest information on synthetic methods of Pyrano [3, 2-c] chromene derivatives using different magnetic nanocatalysts. Numerous studies on the synthesis of these practical compounds have been stimulated by the special qualities and wide-ranging applications of pyrano coumarins and the nanoparticles were tested for their catalytic effectiveness in a one-pot, three-component reaction involving aldehydes, malononitrile, and 4-hydroxycoumarin for the manufacturing of dihydropyrano [3, 2-c] chromenes (coumarins).

The present application describes a class of compounds exhibiting a coronavirus 3CL protease inhibitory effect and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and a pharmaceutical composition containing the same. The application also provides the synthesis of compounds and efficacy from in vitro and cell- based assays.

: 1, 2, 3-triazoles display enormous applications in the extensive fields of chemistry such as pharmaceuticals, ligands, conjectures, etc. Among these classes of compounds, the N-unsubstituted triazole emerges as a potent applicant for various fields of chemistry and therefore synthetic procedures for this molecular scaffold possess certain importance. Moreover, from an environmental perspective, metal-free organic synthesis gains tremendous attention as most of the metals are persistent in nature. In this review, we are going to discuss only the metal-free synthetic routes for the construction of N-unsubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles reported during the last decade.

: Transition metals catalyzed C─H bond activation reactions have appeared as an emerging field to introduce different functional groups in the inactivated saturated and unsaturated C-H bonds. C─S and C─Se bond constructions in aromatic scaffolds are very interesting due to the important applications of organochalcogen reagents in pharmaceutical chemistry and the material world. The introduction of sulphur or selenium moiety to an inert C─H functionality of an arene under transition metal catalysis has become one of the prime challenges and targets in recent years. In this perspective, various transition metals such as Cu, Ni, Co, Pd, Rh, Ru etc. have been extensively studied. Aromatic arenes owning bearing suitable directing groups appeared as the most promising coupling partners to selectively synthesize differently substituted aryl sulfones and aryl sulfides/selenides. The synthetic strategies were highly convenient owing to the regioselectivity of products, broad substrate scope, mild reaction conditions and excellent functional group tolerance. The current review article comprehensively summarizes the extent of C─S/Se bond formation via transition metal-catalyzed C─H bond activation with the assistance of directing groups to govern the site selectivity.

Quinoline derivatives are an important class of heterocyclic compounds and possess various applications in synthetic organic chemistry, medicinal chemistry, material chemistry and natural product chemistry. This review article describes the different quinoline derivatives having antimalarial, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antineoplastic, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anthelmintic, antiprotozoal, cardiovascular, CNS and other useful bioactivities. We have delineated the general synthetic routes for the synthesis of many bioactive quinoline based heterocycles. In addition to this, we have also discussed the crucial synthetic routes as well as their mechanistic paths for the formation of bioactive quinoline derivatives. The study shows that substitution at the 4 and 8- position of quinoline is more crucial for bioactivity as compared to other positions.

: The synthesis of coumarin derivatives has been an essential topic since its discovery in 1820. In bioactive compounds, the coumarin moiety serves as a backbone, as many such bioactive compounds with the coumarin moiety play a significant role in their bioactivities. Given this moiety's relevance, several researchers are developing fused-coumarin derivatives to create new drugs. Mostly the approach done for this purpose was a multicomponent reaction based. Over the years, the multicomponent reaction has gained enormous popularity, and this approach has evolved as a replacement for conventional synthetic methods. Because of all these perspectives, we have reported the various fused-coumarin derivatives synthesized using multicomponent reactions in recent years.

Two efficient, scalable routes to bis-1,2,4-oxadiazole have been developed by tandem Staudinger/aza-Wittig reaction from the same starting material diaziglyoxime, isocyanates and triphenylphosphonium in good yields. Background: Two convenient and efficient routes for synthesizing diamino derivatives of bis-1,2,4- oxadiazoles were described. Objective: This study provides a simple protocol for the synthesis of bis-1,2,4-oxadiazoles. Methods: The two procedures were based on a tandem Staudinger/aza-Wittig reaction from the same starting material of diaziglyoxime, isocyanates and triphenylphosphonium. Results: In synthesis method I, diaziglyoxime 1 was treated with various aromatic or aliphatic isocyanates to give diazioxalimides 2 a high yield. Diazioxalimides 2 reacted with Ph3P to produce the iminophosphoranes 4; the reaction was directly heated from room temperature to 115 ℃ to get the desired diamino derivatives of bis-1,2,4-oxadiazole 4 in 72-92% yields. In synthesis method II, the same target compounds 4 were synthesized in a one-pot reaction by Ph3P and aromatic or aliphatic isocyanates in toluene for 10 h under 115 ℃ in 53-71% yields. Conclusion: The two procedures provide proficient methods of making nitrogen-containing heterocyclic rings. The structures of target compounds 4 were identified by IR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR and HRMS.

The approach of utilizing protecting groups (PGs) in organic chemistry has led to the successful syntheses of an array of useful organic compounds. This strategy has also addressed some of the complexities associated with many organic reactions. These PGs find useful applications in simple and complex reactions that involve the synthesis of large organic compounds such as peptides, and oligosaccharides. The fundamental role of PGs is to prevent undesired reactions that could hinder the progress or completion of such reactions. Ideal PGs must be utilized in this regard to achieve the desired objectives. This review describes the diverse protecting groups found in the literatures, the functional moieties for the protection, deprotection strategies, and their relevant applications in organic synthesis.

Background: Porphyrins are highly conjugated heterocyclic compounds and are found as the backbone of many natural products such as heme and chlorophyll. To improve its biological and optical properties, the functionalization of porphyrin at its β- and meso-position has gained importance in recent years. Objective: The purpose of this review is to describe the Pictet-Spengler method for the incorporation of nitrogenous and biologically important heterocyclic scaffolds such as pyrrolo-/indolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline, pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine, and quinoline at the β- and meso-positions of the porphyrins to increase π-conjugation and improve their biological, optical, and electrochemical properties. Conclusion: This review provides a comprehensive overview of the synthesis of N-heterocyclic extended porphyrins and metalloporphyrins via a modified Pictet-Spengler approach. The synthesized porphyrins were found to be highly conjugated and exhibited improved photophysical properties compared to their parent analogues. Moreover, the review article provided a brief overview of the Pictet-Spengler procedure, including product yields, reaction conditions, photophysical properties of the synthesized products, and potential applications in a variety of fields.

Background: 1,3-Diphenylpropane-1,3-dione (1) is an acetylacetone β-diketone in which both of the methyl groups have been replaced with phenyl groups. It is a component of licorice root extract (Glycyrrhiza glabra) and has anti-mutagenic and anti-cancer properties. It functions as a metabolite, an anti-mutagen, and an anti-neoplastic agent. It is an aromatic ketone and a β-diketone. 1,3-Diphenylpropane-1,3-dione (1) is primarily used in PVC hard and soft materials, including plates, films, profiles, pipes, and fittings Objectives: This research aims to examine the utility of 1,3-diphenylpropane-1,3-dione (1) for the synthesis of a variety of new heterocyclic compounds, such as thioamide, thiazolidine, thiophene-2-carbonitrile, phenylthiazole, thiadiazole-2-carboxylate, 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives, 2-bromo-1,3-diphenylpropane-1,3-dione, new substituted benzo[1,4]thiazines, phenylquinoxalines, and imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazole derivatives of potential biological activity Methods: 1,3-Diphenylpropane-1,3-dione (1) was used as a starting compound for the synthesis of 3-oxo-N,3-diphenyl-2-(phenylcarbonyl)propanethioamide (3) and 2-bromo-1,3-diphenylpropane-1,3-dione (25), which can be used for further preparations. The 5α-reductase inhibitor activity of some of the synthesized compounds was also tested in vivo; the ED50 and LD50 data were established, Results: Using IR, 1H-NMR, mass spectroscopy, and elemental analysis, the structures of all produced compounds were elucidated. Some of these prepared compounds were reported as 5α-reductase inhibitors. Conclusion: New heterocyclic compounds can be formed via 1,3-diphenylpropane-1,3-dione (1), and some of these compounds can act as 5α-reductase inhibitors.

INTRODUCTION: In this work, we studied the problem of determining the values of the Zagreb indices of all the realizations of a given degree sequence. METHOD: We first obtained some new relations between the first and second Zagreb indices and the forgotten index sometimes called the third Zagreb index. These relations also include the triangular numbers, order, size, and the biggest vertex degree of a given graph. As the first Zagreb index and the forgotten index of all the realizations of a given degree sequence are fixed, we concentrated on the values of the second Zagreb index and studied several properties including the effect of vertex addition. RESULT: In our calculations, we make use of a new graph invariant, called omega invariant, to reach numerical and topological values claimed in the theorems. This invariant is closely related to Euler characteristic and the cyclomatic number of graphs. CONCLUSION: Therefore this invariant is used in the calculation of some parameters of the molecular structure under review in terms of vertex degrees, eccentricity, and distance.

: Click Chemistry, as a powerful tool, has been used for the synthesis of a variety of 1,2,3-triazoles. Among click cycloaddition reactions, intramolecular click reactions carried out in azido-alkyne precursors has not been thoroughly reviewed. Hence, in this review, we have summarized and categorised the recent literature (from 2012 on) based on the azidoalkynyl precursor's type and a brief and concise description of the involved mechanisms is presented. Accordingly, we have classified the relevant literature into three categories: (1) substitution precursors (2) addition and (3) multi-component reaction (MCR) products.

Pyrimidines serve as key structural components in chemical frameworks and biological processes. Several pyrimidine analogues have been produced over the years by means of traditional methods that necessitated large amounts of solvents, reagents, and, most importantly, additional time, which has led them to become prohibitive. These procedures are now being replaced with more cost-effective adaptive methodologies that incorporate one-pot synthesis and greener approaches involving various green solvents and catalysts. The current review covers a number of green synthetic techniques, including ultrasound-assisted synthesis, visible light irradiation synthesis, solvent-free synthesis, catalyst-free synthesis, microwave-assisted synthesis, and green catalyst synthesis for the synthesis of pyrimidine derivatives. Accordingly, it integrates different strategies to synthesize heterocyclic pyrimidine analogues in a well-organized manner.

Aims: In order to study on structure-activity relationships of benzofurans. Background: Benzofuran is a kind of natural compound widely existing in nature with pharmacological effects. The development of new anticancer benzofuran derivatives has attracted more and more attention. Method: We have introduced an active quinazoline unit into piperazine-substituted benzofuran, prepared a series of quinazoline-benzofuran compounds, and evaluated cytotoxic activity against a panel of human tumor cell lines by MTT assay. Result: 48 novel quinazoline-substituted benzofuran derivatives have been prepared, and in vitro, cytotoxic activity against five human tumor cell lines was evaluated. The results indicated that some quinazoline-benzofuran conjugates showed selective inhibitory activity against tumor cell lines. Conclusion: We have found that compound 14x displayed excellent cytotoxic activity, which could be considered a potential anticancer agent.

: This article covers the triazole-linked nucleic acids where the triazole linkage (TL) replaces the natural phosphate backbone. The replacement is done at either a few selected linkages or all the phosphate linkages. Two triazole linkages, the four-atom TL1 and the six-atom TL2, have been discussed in detail. These triazole-modified oligonucleotides have found a wide range of applications, from therapeutics to synthetic biology. For example, the triazole-linked oligonucleotides have been used in the antisense oligonucleotide (ASO), small interfering RNA (siRNA) and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 technology as therapeutic agents. Due to the ease of the synthesis and a wide range of biocompatibility, the triazole linkage TL2 has been used to assemble a functional 300-mer DNA from alkyne- and azide-functionalized 100-mer oligonucleotides as well as an epigenetically modified variant of a 335 base-pair gene from ten short oligonucleotides. These outcomes highlight the potential of triazole-linked nucleic acids and open the doors for other TL designs and artificial backbones to fully exploit the vast potential of artificial nucleic acids in therapeutics, synthetic biology and biotechnology.

Due to their diverse applications in industrial and synthetic organic chemistry, quinoline and 1,3,4-oxadiazole have become important heterocyclic compounds. Quinoline and 1,3,4- oxadiazole compounds have been developed for various medical conditions such as anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, antimalarial, antioxidants, anti-HIV, anticonvulsant, antiviral, etc. The current review includes synthetic protocols for biologically active 1,3,4-oxadiazole incorporating quinoline hybrids with their structure-activity relationship to explore work (Mainly from 2010 to 2021) based on 1,3,4-oxadiazole-quinoline hybrids to the medicinal chemist for further research in the development of the molecule.

Aim: The purpose of this paper is to synthesize and characterize two new direct dyes based on chromenes derivatives. Background: The synthesis of carboxyethyl chitosan (CECS) by the reaction of chitosan and acrylic acid via Michael's addition reaction was conducted. Cotton fabrics were treated with CECS to enhance the exhaustion of dye, fastness properties, and antimicrobial activity of dyed fabric. Methods: Chitosan (CS) and acrylic acid were combined in Michael’s addition process to success-fully produce N-carboxyethylchitosan (CECS). Then, the cotton was treated with different concentrations of carboxyethyl chitosan (0.5–5 wt.%) and then dyed by synthesized mono azo and diazo direct dyes based on chromene derivatives. Results and Discussion: The results regarding dyeing and antibacterial activity indicated high-quality dyeing properties, However, direct dyes showed higher exhaustion and fixation values, fast-ness properties, and the colorimetric CIE L*a*b* C*h° data of the dyed cotton fabric. Conclusion: Cotton fabrics treated with carboxyethyl chitosan and dyed with direct dyes were found to have higher antibacterial activity upon a concentration of 2.5 wt.%. In addition, the anti-bacterial activity towards Gram-positive bacteria was reported to be more than Gram-negative bacteria.