In recent times, different types of particleboards are being preferred in the construction of houses, partitions, furniture etc. The production of such materials can be manufactured using rice husk, which has been obtained as waste produced in rice millers. Adhesive such as formaldehyde, when exposed to fire, causes toxic flames which are fatal in nature. The basic condition for production of particleboards is to check the temperature and humidity content in the rice husk which has been done by using DHT 11 sensors i.e., application of Internet of Thing (IoT) erected method. This identification helps in finding the suitable temperature through which bio-based adhesives have been prepared. In present study, two different types of bio-adhesives namely tamarind with formalin and tamarind with boric acid has been used in manufacturing process. The application of IoT erected method follows a complex preparation method but will partially fulfil the job and reduces human involvement. Finally, when the proper temperature and moisture level has been measured, the preparation becomes easy. After manufacturing the particleboard, the strength has been tested by a three-point bend test and have been compared with commercially available boards with formaldehyde base adhesive.

Increasing urbanization and development of automobile industry have given rise to an increase in global tyre waste generation. In Australia, it is estimated that around 450,000 tonnes of tyres reach their end-of-life annually and a large percentage of it is disposed to landfill or on-site burial or is stockpiled. This poses a significant environmental and safety risk, since such sites act as a breeding ground for pests and present a significant fire hazard. Hence it is essential to increase the recycling of this hazardous waste. This paper presents a review of the recycling of end-of-life tyres (EOLT) in Australia to produce tyre-derived products (TDPs), which traditionally has been based on mechanical recycling methods (using a series of shredders, screens, and granulators). Key TDPs from Australian tyre recovery include shredded tyres, crumb rubber and baled tyres. There is currently an emerging market in Australia for chemical recycling of tyres, which are typically based on pyrolysis and gasification processes. The produced TDPs have a variety of applications, with key most productive markets being that for crumb rubber in road sprayed seals and rubber granules in soft-fall surfaces and rubber matting in playgrounds and so on. There is a strong emerging market for rubberized concrete, which can be used as lightweight fill and as a drainage medium in landfills. New processing technologies like tyre pyrolysis to generate oil and tyre-derived fuel and also strongly emerging technologies. With a strong push for sustainable design initiatives, TDPs are also being used in permeable pavements, a water sensitive design strategy that is gaining popularity in Australia.

In order to get the aesthetic look or making fibre to fabric for apparel purpose or for good quality hessians, sackings, bags, etc. one must do the pre-treatment processes like scouring, degumming, bio-scouring, bleaching, etc. This will enhance the efficiency, easiness and effectiveness during yarn making, fabric making, spinnability, dyeing, etc. In this work, study has been targeted to achieve finer, brighter and whiter fibre while maintaining the strength of the fibre. Four natural fibres namely Corchorus olitorius (Jute), Musa domestica (Banana), Linum usitatissimum (Flax) and Boehmeria nivea (Ramie) were undergone pre-treatment processes like scouring, degumming, enzyme treatment and bleaching in sequential manner. Lignin content, gummy matter and yellowness of the fibre goes on decreasing while fineness, whiteness and brightness kept on increasing with each subsequent chemical treatment and washing. The outcome of the work was the scoured, enzyme treated, and bleached jute, banana, flax and ramie fibre with enhanced fineness, smoothness and whiteness which can be further used for yarn and fabric making, dyeing and apparel preparation.

Intelligent manufacturing is needed, and many techniques and tools have been developed with this in mind. Over time, many of these techniques have been combined, and hybrid approaches have provided better results in shorter times, leading to a more precise prediction of outcomes when compared to the use of individual tools. This research focused on grinding Ti-6Al-4V workpiece material with a Carbon nanotube (CNT) incorporated grinding wheel. The Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) was used to predict surface roughness which was taken as the output of choice for this study. A new hybrid of ANFIS with Genetic Algorithm (ANFIS-GA) was then proposed to see if this prediction method could obtain greater precision. The regression analysis predicted the experimental model’s linear relationship to surface roughness, and the effect of grinding process parameters on surface roughness was analysed using the sensitivity analysis method.

With the continuous global reduction of energy supplies and severe concern over environmental degradation with the use of fossil fuel, biodiesel will play a crucial transponder in these problems. Biodiesel blend with diesel fuel achieves a decreased environmental impact without losing quality of performance and use. There is interest in alternative fuels owing to volatile fossil fuel markets and degradation. New and alternative oil crops must be pursued to expand the horizon of plant-based fuels to satisfy the needs of energy demand. The purpose of this research was to compare the properties of ambadi seed oil biodiesel, waste cooking oil (WCO) biodiesel, and biodiesel of WCO ambadi seed oil mixer. The results of the study indicate that biodiesel with the introduction of WCO in Ambadi seed oil improves the physiochemical properties calorific value, flash point, and fire point. The blending of WCO limited upto AW50 due to increase in density and kinematic viscosity of biodiesel produced.

Friction stir welding (FSW) is an innovative, green and energy-efficient solid-state welding process. Which has been resolved the problems of defects related to microstructure and mechanical properties of welding joints of soft materials. FSW is also capable to join dissimilar materials of different melting points together with adequate efficiency and effectiveness. Present research work is an attempt to join the two dissimilar armor grad aluminium alloys i.e. AA7039 and AA5083 by FSW. Both materials are utilized as armor materials in defence. The process parameters such as tool rotation speed (RS), welding speed (WS) and tool tilt angle (TA) were utilized for variation at different five levels for experimentation. The experiments were designed by center composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM). The fabricated joints were examined for the variation in mechanical properties such as ultimate tensile strength (UTS), yield tensile strength (YTS) and percentage elongation (EL). Effects of the inputs parameters on the variation of the responses were validated by analysis of variance (ANOVA). The obtained results of aforesaid properties were utilized for the optimization of input parameters in the desirability approach. The desirability approach revealed that 1440 RPM of tool rotation, 32.1 welding speed and 2.4 tilt angle as an optimized set of parameters, which can fabricate the joint with 263.02 MPa UTS, 211.90 MPa YTS and 14.7% EL. The results of ANOVA and optimization were also verified by a change in the microstructure of FSWed joints.

The application of heterogeneous catalyst in the production of biodiesel cannot only decline the costs of the separation process but also reduce the cost of biodiesel. The present study has emphasized on the performance evaluation of KF/CaO catalyst for biodiesel synthesis from nonedible Jatropha curcas oil (JCO). The synthesized catalyst was characterized through various analytical methods such as powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), CO2-temparature program desorption (CO2-TPD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, BET surface area (SA) and thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA). The novelty of this heterogeneous catalyst (KF/CaO) is its reuse without leaching of Ca2+. It was observed from experimental study that prepared catalyst reflects high efficiency towards catalytic transesterification activity. Furthermore, the catalyst has admirable stability, making it suitable for use as a solid base catalyst in the manufacture of biodiesel from Jatropha curcas oil with 5.5 percent free fatty acid (FFA). Reusability tests of the prepared catalyst validated that it could be reused up to four times without sacrificingample activity, thereby giving rise to a potentially relevant biodiesel production possibility.

Precise and accurate measurements are essential for reliable experimental investigations and establishments of immaculate scientific theories. It has been realized that the measurement observations are always accompanied by certain reservations, hence to provide quality measurements, systematic assessment of these uncertainties is of much significance. This article attempts to demonstrate the detailed procedure for measurement uncertainty evaluation using Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) technique as per the recommendations of JCGM 101: 2008 using Microsoft Excel. Interestingly, it has been perceived that the expanded uncertainty values and histograms acquired using Law of Propagation of Uncertainties (LPU) and Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) are distinctive.

This paper presents the design, analysis and optimization of Active Magnetic Bearings (AMBs) to support the inner rotor in a contra-rotating coaxial rotor system. An FEM based rotordynamic model is developed using 8-dof Timoshenko beam elements assuming both inner and outer rotors to be flexible. The dynamic response of this system due to an unbalanced force is used in one of the constraints of a multi-objective genetic algorithm for controlling the vibration amplitude within 10% of the air gap. A maximum reduction of 46.9% in the amplitude peak is obtained under the present conditions. Hence, this work also offers a tool useful in touch-down bearing design. The PD controller gains are found to govern the stiffness and damping properties of the AMB. On increasing the mass unbalance by a factor of 2.5, number of turns, pole width and maximum current are found to increase by 52.9%, 29.4% and 71.67% respectively.

The present work proposes a systematic procedure for evaluation of high temperatures deformation and formability of α+β Brass undergoing the uniaxial tensile test conditions. Firstly, uniaxial tensile tests were conducted on Universal Testing Machine (UTM) with loading capacity of 100 KN at temperature of 773K, 873K and 973K with a quasi-static strain rates of 0.001s-1, 0.01 s-1 and 0.1s-1. Hot tensile flow stress behaviors have been affected significantly by test temperatures and strain rates for Brass. Drop-in yield and ultimate tensile strength have been observed at approximately 58 % and 68 % with a rise in test temperature from 773 K to 973 K. Around 30% improvement has been observed in % elongation with rise in test temperature. Further, flow stress has been predicted by most popular Johnson Cook (JC) uniaxial constitutive model at wide range of temperatures (773K, 873K and 973K) and strain rates (0.001s-1,0.01 s-1 and 0.1s-1). Further, yield loci have been plotted at various temperatures using Hill 1948 and Barlat 1989 yield function. Barlat 1989 has followed experimental results correctly in all test temperatures.

Red mud (RM, a Bauxite Residue) is the huge waste materials generated during the alumina production followed by the Bayer Process, which processed about 1.25 – 1.5 ton from per tons of alumina production. The disposal of this waste materials is a serious issue as increasing the demand for aluminium with time. Whereas extensive research and developmental activities have been done approximately last two decades and further going on around the world to find an effective route to bulk utilization of bauxite residue (Red mud).Which, include in form of various products, processes, and technologies development with directly & indirectly consumption of red mud. Present researches worked on have been a number of potential uses to the utilization of this industrial waste. Hence the present article attempts to review the quantity, characteristics, recycling, and potential utilization of red mud (bauxite residue) especially for construction industry applications with specific reference to the product, processes, and technologies developed in India.

In the present study, the plastic deformation of commercially available AZ31B alloy at different temperatures (300K-473K) and strain rates (0.1s-1-0.01s-1-0.001s-1) under uniaxial tensile test has been carried out. Three different sheet orientations, viz., rolling direction (RD), transverse direction (TD), and 45° to rolling direction have been used. The outcomes of the experiments have demonstrated a temperature-dependent relationship between mechanical properties such as yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and percentage elongation. The yield strength and ultimate tensile strength has decreased by 28.58% and 31.03% respectively as temperature increased from 300 K to 473 K. At elevated temperature (473 K) the material has exhibited highest ductility (64.88%) as compare to 300 K. The hardening exponent has been found to decrease with increasing temperature. The flow stress behaviour has been predicted using work hardening models such as the Hollomon and Ludwik. Two-stage work hardening behavior has been observed at all the temperatures. According to statistical parameter comparison, Ludwik equation prediction capability of correlation coefficient (0.9959) has been found to be best in agreement with the experimental results.

In the presented work, the sliding wear under dry conditions and friction behaviour of Si3N4 reinforced high-strength Aluminum alloy (AA)7068 nanocomposites have been investigated under various loads, sliding velocity, and rubbing distances. The fabrication of nanocomposites has been done by using the stir casting technique with the advancement of ultrasonication. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Elemental mapping, and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) are used to analyze the microstructure of prepared nanocomposites and worn surfaces. The wear resistance improves with the incorporation of Si3N4 particles in Al 7068 alloy and further increases by increasing the weight % of reinforcement. The reinforcement is done by 0.5, 1, and 1.5 % Si3N4 by weight. ANOVA reveals that sliding distance is the most dominating factor in the wear loss of samples, and load became the most influential parameter in the coefficient of friction (COF). Microstructure reveals grain boundaries become discontinued after T6 heat treatment. AMNCs containing 1.5wt.% Si3N4 shows minimum wear loss compared to other nanocomposites and alloys.

This investigation has evaluated the wear properties of Carbon fiber-epoxy/GNP (Graphene Nanoplatelets) composites. In this research, carbon fiber and Graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) of different weight percentages of GNP (0, 0.1,0.3, and 0.5 wt.%) reinforced hybrid composites were fabricated via compression molding assist hand layup technique. An abrasive wear test has been performed using the Design of experiments. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) tables has been used to understand the effect of control parameters (wt.% of filler, normal load, and sliding distance) on response parameters (specific wear rate and friction coefficient). The control variables such as normal loads of 5, 10, 15, and 20 N and sliding distances (150, 200, 250, and 300 m) are selected for this study. It has been discovered that adding GNPs reduces the particular wear rate and friction coefficient. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine composites' worn surfaces. The composites with GNPs had lower weight loss, friction coefficient, and wear rate as compared to plain carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy, and these metrics decreased as the percentage of GNPs increased. The analysis concluded that experimental results are closer to optimum results.

Characterization of any Material / Element requires SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) analysis. Images captured from SEM are further considered for analysing the Morphology, structure of the material. Due to non-conduction or any technical issues, the image captured may not be accurate for analysis. If the image is accurate also morphological operations can’t be performed. In this paper, SEM images are processed to study the histogram analysis for equalizing the image, morphological operations via. Erosion, Dilation etc using Python programming.

Magnesium Alloy is gaining momentum now a days as it is light in weight and possess moderate strength. Automotive and aerospace industries and electronics companies looking for light and strong and smart materials to save fuel and emission free environments, which magnesium alloy can meet. As Tailor welded magnesium alloy sheets are in demand, AZ31B -H24 magnesium alloy sheet with 2 mm thickness is selected in this research work. Laser welding is used to join magnesium alloy sheets in butt configuration. The samples are analyzed, and observations and challenges are addressed with help of micrographs for further scope of work. Effect of laser welding on grain or microstructure changes are also outlined. Thorough micro structural analysis is carried out with an objective to capture grain structure near parent metal, left and right-hand sides of heat affected zone and weld line. Impact and hardness tests are conducted to assess the mechanical behavior of laser welded samples.

The current investigation has study the material removal rate, surface roughness and electrode wear rate in rotary tool assisted EDM of 17-4 PH stainless steel. 17-4 PH SS has widely used in aerospace, marine, nuclear, and chemical processing due to their characteristic high strength to weight ratio and corrosion resistance properties. This paper primarily focuses on enhancing the flushing efficiency of dielectric fluid in the EDM process and to improve the machining performance characteristics. A custom designed rotating electrode attachment has fabricated and used to assist with the EDM process. The experiments are designed and planned using Taguchi L27 Orthogonal array technique.The experiments are planned for four input factors and each parameter is varied at three levels. Current, pulse on time, pulse off time and Electrode Rotation Speed are input factors. ANOVA test is conducted to find out the significance of factors and their percentage contribution on the performance characteristics like Material Removal Rate, Surface Roughness and Electrode Wear Rate. The resultsconcluded that Electrode Rotation Speed has more influence on Material Removal Rate and Electrode Wear Rate. An individual percentage and interaction percentage of parameters from ANOVA confirm that their effects are higher in Material Removal Rate (MRR) compared to Surface roughness (Ra) and Electrode Wear Rate (EWR). Finally, surface morphology studies revealed that significantly less cracks and voids had formed on the EDM’ed sample at optimum condition.

2021This paper presents the analytical characterization study on 10tofcentury seenakesavaperumal temple, Yelagiri, Tamilnadu. The samples from the temple were extracted from walls from, the inner sanctum, brick masonry mortar, and cement mortar at the specific spots on avoiding structural damages under the Hindu religious and charitable endowment governance, Tamilnadu, temple authorities, and conservators. From the external visual observation and present state, the ancient structure has prone been to a few degrees of inclination from its original state due to weakened soil structure interaction and catastrophic environmental conditions for more than centuries. The analytical method, such as X-Ray diffraction, was used to investigate the mineralogical interaction and its crystalline growth to establish the computable construction materials. The XRD results on the extracted samples have affirmed the stone samples have better performances with quartz and feldspar at high ranges. Further the brick mortar from the exterior walls revealed the complete transformation of CSH and CAH peaks into carbonate polymorphs. High range portlandite peaks in cement mortar sample affirmed the incomplete transformation of calcite due to the absence of external exposure conditions to the atmosphere. This study also worked as a base for the state archaeology and modern conservators to restore ancient wisdom and national integrity.

Microwave energy is very efficiently being harnessed to join metallic materials these days. Although, use of microwave energy to join metallic materials is in its initial stage but, it has led to an outstanding development in the field of manufacturing. In this research work, joining of Inconel 625 (UNS N06625) without any filler material has been performed with the help of a novel process by harnessing microwave energy from a 900 W microwave applicator. Major novelty of this work is the application of graphite rods in accelerating the joining process based on the use of microwave radiation energy due to which it could become possible to join the Inconel specimens without using any filler powder. Selective microwave hybrid heating has been performed using six graphite rods and the process time taken for successful joining of Inconel 625 specimens has been 360s. Three repetitions have been done using the mentioned process parameters. Mechanical characterization of the developed joints has been done with the help of Vickers micro-hardness tester and tensile testing machine. The mean microhardness of the joints has been observed to be 325.1 HV at the joint region which came out to be 10.32 % more than that of the base alloy. The mean ultimate tensile strength has been observed to be 319.9 MPa with mean elongation of 5.3% which has been observed to be less than that of the base alloy.

In this paper a morphological filtering algorithm using an exposure thresholding and measures of central tendency has been proposed for solving the low contrast of Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) images of composite materials for accurate Filler Content Estimation. SEM image of a composite material comprises visible morphological structures like fillers such as silica nanoparticles. The SEM image analysis via segmentation will assist in the study of distribution of these structures. The estimation of the filler content is more accurate only when the SEM images have proper contrast for analysis if not the results lead to less accuracy. To overcome this drawback, we have proposed a preprocessing technique to increase the contrast of SEM images. So that the preprocessed image can be used for post processing namely segmentation and hence the error is less for filler content estimation. We introduced the transformations using morphological processing to extract the bright and darker features of the images. The optimum threshold value is determined by the image exposure. A detailed comparative analysis with other existing techniques has been performed to prove the superior performance of the proposed method.