Schizophrenia  (精神分裂)

精神分裂症是一种严重的慢性精神障碍，其特征是持续性或复发性精神病发作，包括幻觉、妄想、思维和行为紊乱，以及社交退缩和情感淡漠等阴性症状。该病通常发病于成年早期，并伴有严重的日常功能障碍、认知缺陷和生活质量下降。该病的终生患病率约为1%，遗传性高，但基因复杂，涉及影响感知、思维和情绪调节的脑功能紊乱。虽然精神分裂症不同于心境障碍和痴呆症，但它可能与心境症状同时发生，在某些情况下会导致分裂情感性障碍的诊断。核心症状必须持续至少一个月才能确诊，且病程持续或复发至少六个月。治疗包括抗精神病药物治疗、心理治疗、家庭教育、康复和技能培训。遗传因素（例如 MTHFR 基因变异）以及涉及神经递质系统和前额叶皮质等脑区的神经生物学通路均与此相关。其他症状可能包括睡眠障碍、畏光、人格改变、脑电图异常和运动障碍。

Schizophrenia is a severe and chronic mental disorder characterized by persistent or recurrent episodes of psychosis, including hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking and behavior, and negative symptoms such as social withdrawal and flattened affect. It typically emerges in early adulthood and is associated with significant impairment in daily functioning, cognitive deficits, and reduced quality of life. The disorder has a lifetime prevalence of approximately 1%, is highly heritable but genetically complex, and involves disruptions in brain function affecting perception, thought, and emotion regulation. While distinct from mood disorders and dementias, schizophrenia can co-occur with mood symptoms, leading to a schizoaffective disorder diagnosis in some cases. Core symptoms must persist for at least one month for diagnosis, with continuous or relapsing course lasting at least six months. Treatment includes antipsychotic medication, psychotherapy, family education, rehabilitation, and skills training. Genetic factors, such as variants in the MTHFR gene, and neurobiological pathways involving neurotransmitter systems and brain regions like the prefrontal cortex are implicated. Additional features may include sleep disturbances, photophobia, personality changes, EEG abnormalities, and movement problems.

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