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  3. Monkeypox virus H3L protein as the target antigen for developing neutralizing antibody and serological assay

Monkeypox virus H3L protein as the target antigen for developing neutralizing antibody and serological assay

  • Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2025 Apr 2;109(1):80. doi: 10.1007/s00253-025-13466-6.
I-Hsiang Huang 1,  Guan-Chun Lai 1,  Tai-Ling Chao 2,  Wang-Da Liu 3 4,  Sui-Yuan Chang 5 6,  Shih-Chung Chang 7 8
Affiliations

Affiliations

  • 1 Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
  • 2 Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100, Taiwan.
  • 3 Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100, Taiwan.
  • 4 Department of Medicine, National Taiwan University Cancer Center, Taipei , 106, Taiwan.
  • 5 Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100, Taiwan. sychang@ntu.edu.tw.
  • 6 Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100, Taiwan. sychang@ntu.edu.tw.
  • 7 Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan. shihchung@ntu.edu.tw.
  • 8 Center of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan. shihchung@ntu.edu.tw.
PMID: 40172630 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-025-13466-6
Abstract

The large number of atypical monkeypox (Mpox) cases caused by emerging monkeypox virus (MPXV) strains was recently found in countries and regions where the Mpox was not reported before. Diagnostic tools and therapeutic agents are important countermeasures for preventing Mpox outbreak. H3L protein is the important surface antigen of MPXV for binding to host cell receptors and mediating viral Infection. A broad range of murine anti-MPXV H3L monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) recognizing various binding epitopes have been generated in the study. The rapid test composed of the mAbs 4-2A and 3-3F can specifically detect H3L protein and MPXV virion. The mAb 3-3F exhibited strong MPXV neutralizing activity in a complement-dependent manner. Notably, 3-3F binds to a unique epitope within residues 35-89 of H3L protein. The serum samples collected from Mpox patients barely bound to the N-terminal portion of H3L protein ranging from 2 to 89 residues, indicating that the content of the 3-3F-like antibody is very low in Mpox patient sera. In contrast, the seropositivity was mostly observed using the C-terminal portion of H3L protein ranging from 185 to 282 residues as the target antigen in the immunoblot analysis. Taken together, the anti-MPXV H3L mAb can be developed as the Mpox diagnostic and therapeutic agents. Furthermore, H3L protein is the promising biomarker for serological analysis. KEY POINTS: •Anti-H3L mAbs can cross-react with H3L proteins in MPXV and VACV virions. •The LFIA rapid test using the mAbs 4-2A and 3-3F can specifically detect MPXV. •MPXV was neutralized by mAb 3-3F in a complement-dependent manner.

Keywords

Complement; H3L protein; Lateral flow immunochromatographic assay; Monkeypox virus (MPXV); Neutralizing antibody; Serological assay.

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