The design of an ideal monodisperse microcapsulation system, which could meet the need for prolonged and better control of drug administration, is a great challenge. Herein cyanobacteria cells served as a natural environmentally-friendly wall material to encapsulate the fungicide tebuconazole (TEB), and then urea–formaldehyde (UF) resins were automatically coated on it via electrostatic interactions. By this means, monodisperse TEB–PCC@UF microcapsules were achieved, which not only can effectively control the drug release rate but also depress the initial “burst effect” to some degree. A bioactivity experiment showed that TEB–PCC@UF microcapsules authentically prolonged the antifungal effects, and were very efficacious in controlling wheat powdery mildew compared with the commercial formulation.