2. Academic Validation
  3. Challenging the skin pigmentation bias in tissue oximetry via time-domain near-infrared spectroscopy

Challenging the skin pigmentation bias in tissue oximetry via time-domain near-infrared spectroscopy

  • Biomed Opt Express. 2025 Jan 27;16(2):690-708. doi: 10.1364/BOE.541239.
Michele Lacerenza 1,  Caterina Amendola 2,  Ilaria Bargigia 2 3,  Alessandro Bossi 2,  Mauro Buttafava 1,  Valeria Calcaterra 4 5,  Davide Contini 2,  Vamshi Damagatla 2,  Fabio Negretti 2,  Virginia Rossi 4,  Lorenzo Spinelli 6,  Sara Zanelli 4,  Gianvincenzo Zuccotti 4 7,  Alessandro Torricelli 2 6
Affiliations

Affiliations

  • 1 PIONIRS S.r.l., via Timavo 24, 20124 Milan, Italy.
  • 2 Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy.
  • 3 Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Rubattino 81, 20134 Milan, Italy.
  • 4 Buzzi Children's Hospital, Pediatric Department, Via Lodovico Castelvetro, 32, 20154 Milan, Italy.
  • 5 University of Pavia, Pediatric and Adolescent Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Viale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
  • 6 Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy.
  • 7 University of Milan, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Via Giovanni Battista Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy.
PMID: 39958842 DOI: 10.1364/BOE.541239
Abstract

Recently, skin pigmentation has been shown to affect the performance of pulse oximeters and Other light-based techniques like photo-acoustic imaging, tissue oximetry, and continuous wave near-infrared spectroscopy. Evaluating the robustness to changes in skin pigmentation is therefore essential for the proper use of optical technologies in the clinical scenario. We conducted systematic time-domain near-infrared spectroscopy measurements on calibrated tissue phantoms and in vivo on volunteers during static and dynamic (i.e., arterial occlusion) measurements. To simulate varying melanosome volume fractions in the skin, we inserted, between the target sample and the measurement probe, thin tissue phantoms made of silicone and nigrosine (skin phantoms). Additionally, we conducted an extensive measurement campaign on a large cohort of pediatric subjects, covering the full spectrum of skin pigmentation. Our findings consistently demonstrate that skin pigmentation has a negligible effect on time-domain near-infrared spectroscopy results, underscoring the reliability and potential of this emerging technology in diverse clinical settings.

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